1. Kenneth J, Andrien. Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule. 1532-1825. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001. Print.…
In conclusion, Garcia’s artwork resembles a story about the Aztec Indians. The color shows the tower and the bright wardrobe worn by the skeleton Aztecs. The lines show the stairway of the tower, detail in the wardrobe and the possible texture of the mountains and the surroundings.…
Domingo’s forced migration from the Bight of Benin to the America’s, via the middle passage, his brief stay on a plantation in Pernambuco, Brazil; and his experiences in Rio de Janeiro until his final exile in Portugal, all originated and culminated due to his suggested experience as a Vudon priest and suspicions of dark magic or witchcraft. Through this work Sweet proves that like religion, culture, and belief is not static, it’s dynamic, and vibrant and changes over time. It is also clear that co-mingling of Traditional African Religion and Catholicism provided advantages for Domingo’s lifestyle. Moreover, by adapting Catholicism into the beliefs of his vudon beliefs and practices, Domingos manipulated his owner’s and clients, by revealing psychological, political and societal ills and creating a spiritual sense of fear. For example, his use of Gbo to delay a slave ship, and his possession and alleged cure of Leonor de Oliveira, was this evidence of healing practices and cures or an illusion Álvarez created to protest the social and political angst of his new…
This work appears to be neither purely indigenous American nor European but instead a combination of the two, most likely an indigenous American artist with European influence or training (a combination common with most art in viceregal era latin America). This combination can be seen primarily in the main aspects of the work: the materials and technique, the composition and scale, and lastly, the subject and iconography of the work.…
This book is considered an American Classic due to its longevity in popular literature. It also provides the important historical background on the Catholic Church and its impact on the American Southwest. Willa emphasizes, through her writings, the hardships of the people involved in making this part of America what it is today. It points out the influence of the earliest Spanish missionaries of the 16th century through the latter part of the 19th century involving French missionaries and exposes the corruptness as well as the dedication of the missionaries of the church. The book's main setting is in the 19th century, during the settlement of New Mexico and Colorado and recalls the journeys that a priest undertook and the hardships overcame in order to meet his and the churches goal of bringing the Catholic faith to Mexicans and native Indians. Through his travels and the spiritual work in the beautiful, yet…
Nonetheless, the admiration for the prehistory art comes from the culture one is brought up in. Being Hispanic Aztec, and tribal designs such as the indigenous art comes from culture. It is a way of being connected, and admiring the roots of the ancestry forming an expression expression as a cultural identity. Another, form is Islamic art with the geometric designs, and elaborate flowers as well as plants. It is based on the movement, and the captivation of ones attention (Detrick, “Art History”). This is also is an explanation for the attraction towards radical art, which is a balanced on a radius. The movement of the pattern excites the imagination, and it is sometimes based on a whoosh that is with swift upwards or downward movement. The ones that are preferred the most is with the two-thirds full one-third empty idea, and this explains the reason for the gravitational pull towards the art with this concept (Detrick, “Tree, Pretty: But is it Art?”). With this concept it comes with the idea of decoration when deciding on the amount of the embellishment to determine on where to focus the eye…
Mostly referred as the Virgin of Guadalupe, Guadalupe is one of the most celebrated Christian representations across the world. However, some evangelicals’ especially in North America often misunderstands her as a union of different beliefs and idolatrous image. In Latin America especially Mexico, people frequently elevate her to the status of deity. Besides, they recognize her as the Patron Saint of America. Guadalupe just like Jeanne of Arc, Cleopatra, and Betsy Ross has become mythologized and useful as a cultural and religious symbol. Although her historical role remains shrouded in principles, Guadalupe has a strong historical and religious significance in some parts of the world especially to people of Latin America (Poole 12). Evangelicals from North America and Protestants claim that her visions are heresy without considering the imperative intuitions they might gain from her religious history. In essence, the evaluation of Guadalupe provides a significant connectivity to Christian belief, cultural direction and pagan religion of native people.…
Studying at the University of Dallas in Irving, Texas (named after Washington Irving, the first man to write Christopher Columbus’ biography) in 2013 opens students’ minds to being liberal arts thinkers constantly and efficiently. With that, comes learning about Saint Thomas Aquinas in Philosophy courses and even in other courses such as Literary Traditions, Economics, Modern Languages, Psychology and American and Western Civilization courses. There is always…
The Miracle In The Andes is a novel by Nando Parrado, and it is a real story happened in the 13th of the October in 1972. The novel talking about the Fairchild, an Uruguayan plane crashed in the Andes. The passengers on the plane were 45, and many of them were from the Old Christian rugby team include some of their family members. In the crash 40 members had survived from 45, and by the time they spend it on the Andes the number had reduced to 16. The novel also talking about the horrors they faced on the mountain like the cold, the lack of food and water, nevertheless; they experienced the death of their friends and family members. They learned many treks to keep them alive on the Andes, they learned how to stay warm, they melted the snow to drink and they ate the dead bodies flesh to survive from starvation. They tried desperately to climb the mountain, but their attempt failed. Nando Parrado did not want to die on the Andes like one of his friends, so he decided to climb. Even though he was afraid to face the Andes, but he made his destination to the west. Ten days after all the horrors, he and with two of his teammate found their way into the mountains. After they arrived home, Nando back to his normal life again, and he attained the promise that he made to himself that he will meet his father again, and he will enumerate how his Mom and Susy died on the Andes.…
Many people face pain and hardships throughout life and learn to accept reality using courage and strength. In the “Long Way Home” an excerpt from Miracle in the Andes, Nando Parrado faces many hardships. In the beginning of the novel Nando is heartbroken due to the fact that his plane has crashed in the Andes Mountains, and that many people including his best friends, and his mother, and sister have died. His thoughts haunt him, telling him to survive, and not “waste tears”, as they will be needed for his survival. Nando remembers his father and his heart fills with joy; he imagines how is father must be feeling, after hearing the news of the crash. He quietly whispers to his father “I am alive”. Nando describes the mountains being very strong and powerful, and lacking warmth. Nando vows to his father that he will ‘come home”, no matter how long it takes, and how worse the conditions become. Nando faces many difficulties as the story progresses, but his promise to his father gives him courage and strength to keep on going instead of giving up. “We all knew our fight for survival would be uglier and more harrowing than we had imagines, but we had made the declaration to the mountain that we would not surrender. In a small, sad way, I had taken a first step back toward my father.” Throughout the excerpt conditions worsen, many more of Nando’s friends die, and the food becomes scarce. With courage and strength, Nando decides that he must climb the mountain to save himself and reach home to his father. He takes a few friends with him for the journey. Along the way, he faces many hardships, but his determination and courage help him reach his goal. One day, Nando realizes that their pilot was wrong, and gave them incorrect information of “passing Curico”. As soon as he learns that his hopes shatter. In his thoughts he begins to think and realize that death has an opposite, which is love. As soon as he realizes this his fear of death “lifts”. “My fears lifted, and I…
In Jean-Pierre Protzen’s, Inca Architecture and Construction at Ollantaytambo, he discusses extensively how the Inca, who did not have iron, or tools, or knowledge of the wheel, wined and transported stones and dressed and fitted them into making these remarkable structures. He talks about how he spent much of the past decade investigating the quarrying and stonecutting techniques of the Inca and the various problems that surrounded the Inca during these processes. Protzen also makes an argument that he is open to the possibility…
The question about Christianity and its full acceptance into Indigenous communities continues to linger on a fine line of whether Indigenous communities came to a consensus of compromising with the new religion or simply eradicating it by refusing to leave behind their traditional ways of believing and creating “spiritual” consciousness. Some scholars such as, Kevin Terraciano, in his chapter, “The People of Two Hearts and the One God from Castile,” argue that Christianity was not only rejected by acts of continuing Indigenous religious practices, but also mocked because it was thought to be a lie and inferior to the Indigenous people in Yanhuitlan and Coatlan; this new religion did not coincide with theirs . On the other hand, in her book, Biography of A Mexican Crucifx, Jennifer Hughes comes to conclude that Indigenous communities accepted Christianity through their own modes of seeing parallel paradigms of their life with the life of religious images such as the Cristo Aparecido from Totolapan. They came to see this image as a representation of their suffering , their colonial journey and their need for finding religious meaning in a newly evangelized land.…
In Pike, Hoffman, Garcia-Diez, Pettitt, Alcolea, Balbin, Gonzalez- Sainz, De Las Heras, Lashera, Montes & Zilhao (2012: 1409-1413) the dates cave paintings definitively commenced was in the Early Aurignacian period, around 40,000 to 28,000 thousand years ago (kya). The evidence being the hand stencil art of blowing pigment around the hand from El Castillo, the large red disk which is one of the oldest known arts from Europe, (Pike et al. 2012: 1409-1413) dating at least 40.8 kya. The article shows the importance of having relative dates of cave paintings to know when the behaviour started and its use. By using dating, we can know the main creators of parietal art were modern humans however more accurate dates are needed to conclude they were the only artists in the Upper…
WHEN a powerful and highly civilised nation comes in contact with a barbaric and isolated people, who have nevertheless advanced many steps on the road of progress, it would naturally be thought that the superior and conquering race would endeavour to collect and place on record information concerning such people: their manners, customs, language, religion, and traditions. Unfortunately, in the case of the Spanish conquests of the sixteenth century, that nation appears never to have considered it a duty to hand down to posterity any detailed description of the singularly interesting races they had vanquished. As it was with the Guanches of the Canaries, the Aztecs of Mexico, and the Quichuas of Peru, so was it with the Chamorro of the Ladrones, and the Tagalo-Bisaya tribes of the Philippines. The same Vandal spirit that prompted the conquistadores to destroy the Maya and Aztec literature also moved them to demolish the written records of the Philippine natives, and but few attempts were made to preserve relics or information concerning them. The Spanish priests, as the lettered men of those times, were the persons we should look to for such a work, but in their religious ardour they thought only of the subjugation and conversion of the natives, and so, with the sword in one hand, and crucifix in the other, they marched through that fair land, ignoring and destroying the evidences of a strange semi-civilisation which should have been to them a study of the deepest interest. Fortunately, however, there were a few in that period who were interested in such matters, and who wrote accounts of the state of culture of the islanders of that early date. Some of these MSS. have been preserved in the archives of Manila, and have lately attracted the attention of Spanish scholars.…
Finally, we must recognize that Pachacutec, thanks to his talents as a conqueror, a great statesman, his passion for art and literature, and his great spirituality, made the kingdom of Cuzco a great empire, the great empire of the Incas, also called Tahuantinsuyo. As a Peruvian, I am very proud of the legacy that Pachacutec has left us, so I invite you all to read and investigate more about the life of the greatest Inca that the Inca Empire Pachacutec…