Self-concept is thought of as there are three
References: Aycock, A. (1992). The confession of the flesh: Disciplinary gaze in casual bodybuilding. Play and Culture 5, 338-357. Balsamo, A. (1994). Feminist bodybuilding. In S. Birrell and C. L. Cole (Eds.), Women, sport, and culture (pp. 341-352) Champaign, ILL.: Human Kinetics. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. Robinson, P. Shaver, & L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 161-194). New York: Academic Press. Bolin, A. (1992). Flex appeal, food, and fat: Competitive bodybuilding, gender and diet. Play and Culture, 5, 378-400. Donnelly, P. & Young, K. (1988). The construction and confirmation of identity in sport subcultures. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5, 223-240. Erickson, R. J. (1995). The importance of authenticity for self and society. Symbolic Interactionism 18(2), 121-144. Ervin, L. H., & Stryker, S. (2001). Theorizing the relationship between self-esteem and identity. In T.J. Owens, S. Stryker, & N. Goodman (Eds.), Extending self-esteem theory and research (pp. 29-55) Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press. Ewald, K. & Jiobu, R. M. (1985).Explaining positive deviance: Becker 's model and the case of runners and bodybuilders. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2, 144-156. Fisher, L. A. (1997). Building one’s self up: Bodybuilding and the construction of identity among professional female bodybuilders. In P.L. Moore (Ed.),Building bodies. (pp. 135-164). Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, NJ. Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 1-33. Gecas, V. (1986). The motivational significance of self-concept for socialization theory. In E. Lawler &(Ed.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 3), (pp. 131-156). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Gecas, V. (1989). The social psychology of self-efficacy. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 1-33. Gecas, V. (1991). The self-concept as a basis for a theory of motivation. In J. Howard & P. Callero (Eds.), The self-society dynamic: Cognition, emotion, and action, (pp. 171-187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gecas, V. (2001). The self as a social force. In T.J. Owens, S. Stryker, & N. Goodman (Eds.), Extending self-esteem theory and research: Sociological and psychological currents. (pp. 85-100). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gecas, V., & Burke, P.J. (1995). Self and identity. In K.S. Cook, G.A. Fine, & J.S. House (Eds.), Sociological perspectives on social psychology (pp.41-67). Allyn and Bacon: NeedhamHeights, MA. Gecas, V. & Schwalbe, M.L. (1983). Beyond the looking-glass self: Social structure and self-efficacy based self-esteem. Social Psychology Quarterly 46(2), 77-88. Guthrie, S.R., C.Ferguson, & D. Grimmett. (1994). Elite women bodybuilders: Ironing out nutritional misconceptions. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 271-286. Heywood, L. (1998). Masculinity vanishing: Bodybuilding and contemporary culture. In P.L. Moore (Ed.), Building bodies (pp. 165-183). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Hughes, R. & Coakley, J. (1991). Positive deviance among athletes: The implications of overconformity to the sport ethic. Sociology of Sport Journal, 8, 307-325. Johnston, L. (1995). The politics of the pump: Hard core gyms and women body builders. New Zealand Geographer 51(1), 16-18. Johnston, L. (1996). Flexing femininity: Female body-builders refiguring the body.Gender, Place and Culture 3(3), 327-340. Klein, A. M. (1993). Little big men: Bodybuilding subculture and gender construction. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. Lowe, M. R. (1998). Women of steel. New York: New York University Press. Mansfield, A., & McGinn, B. (1993). Pumping irony: The muscular and the feminine. In S. Scott and D. Morgan (Eds.), (pp. 49-68) Body Matters. Washington, D.C.: The Falmer Press. McAuley, E. (1992). Self-referent thought in sport and physical activity. In. T.S. Horm (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp.101-118). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. McCall, G. J., & Simmons, J.L. (1978). Identities and interactions. New York: Free Press. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mekolichick, J. (2001).Self-esteem among amateur bodybuilders: A quantitative examination. Sociology of Sport Online,4(2). Available: http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v4i2/v4i2.html Mekolichick, J Miller, L., & Penz. O. (1991). Talking bodies: Female bodybuilders colonize a male preserve. Quest, 43, 148-163. Pearlin, L.I., Menaghan, E.G., Morton, A.L., & Mullan, J.T. (1981). The stress process. Health & Social Behavior 22, 337-356. Pope, H. G., Jr., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000b). The Adonis complex: The secret crisis of male body obsession. New York: Free Press. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books. Roussel, P., & Griffet, J. (2000). The path chosen by female bodybuilders: A tentative interpretation. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17, 130-150. Turner, R. H. (1976). The real self: From institution to impulse. American Journal of Sociology, 81(5), 989-1017. Turner, R.H., & Billings, V. (1991). The social contexts of self-feeling. In J. Howard & P. Callero (Eds.), The self-society dynamic: Cognition, emotion, and action. Vol. 2. W. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.