Study Guide 2

SOCIOLOGY OF THE THIRD WORLD: EXAM TWO STUDY GUIDE
What is the role of the nation state? * Ownership of private property, means of production, provides support for disciplining the work force, provides and maintains the economic infrastructure, regulates conflict, and promotes consumption.
Why did the nation state develop? * Complex food production, population increases, technology and surplus of goods, and external conflict.
According to R.J. Rummel’s book series, how many men, women and children were killed by the state between 1900-1987? * Almost 170 million
How does violence and genocide function in a nation state? * Creates and maintains boundaries, eliminates those who refuse to assimilate into the new ideal or the nation state to mark them as undesirables.
What company gained the right to drill for oil in Saudi Arabia forming a partnership known as the Arabian-American Oil Company? Does the American company still own shares? Are they part of management? * Standard oil of California * No shares or management since the 80s
What did U.S. firms gain for supporting Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi? * 40% share in Iranian Oil and right to maintain military bases in Iran
Who is hurt by free trade? Who benefits? * Small farmers, small businesses, laborers, citizens * Big businesses, capitalists.
What is economic growth directly tied to? * Energy consumption
What is the estimated doubling time in 2025? * 70 years
Where is the fastest population growth taking place? * Africa
What problems will occur due to population increases in less developed countries? * Food shortages, overpopulation, harder to find jobs, etc.
What issues were debated at the 1994 United Nations Conference? * Promoting modern contraception, promoting economic development, improving survival rate of infants and children, improving women status, and educating men.
What assumptions about the population are made because of the culture of capitalism? * Population growth contributes to economic decline, growth in periphery historically resulted from decreased mortality, efforts to control population is hampered by religion, and education programs in western countries can help slow the birth rate globally.
How has India and China attempted to control population growth? Were they successful? * India: family planning, government means, and convince women to use contraceptive. All failed. * China: Raise marriage age, increase birth intervals, limit number of children, provincial leaders assign birth quota, promote contraceptives, and incentives/penalties. Was successful.
What are the determinants of population growth and decline? * Fertility, death, and migration.
Food aid organizations estimate that almost 1500 children die per hour from what? * Hunger or dehydration
What are the myths of hunger? * Food production, famine, food insufficiency, and over population.
What are the four factors of agricultural production? * Land, water, labor, and energy.
What are the advantages of swidden agriculture? * Burning the torn down fields keeps away bugs so no pesticides are used and the ashes from the burning is good for the soil to grow food, these help keep our environment clean
What are the gender norms in swidden agriculture and irrigation agriculture? * Swidden: men clear land, women burn the cuttings and care for crops * Irrigation: men do most of agriculture labor, women do domestic chores.
What are the consequences of increased technology in agriculture? * Technology replaces human labor, wealth concentrated in fewer hands, those with capital are able to profit, small farms gives up their farms, need for capital to leads to investors, low food prices keep wages low, risk of monopolies, reduce agriculture jobs increase industrial jobs, keeps industrial pay low, and government must subsidize agriculture to keep prices low and pay low. What determines food production? * Market for food- how many people have the means to pay for it
What made women and children more vulnerable during the famine of 1949 in Malawi? * If there were no men in the families they would not be given rations to eat or only men could pick up the rations so women and children would starve.
The global drug trade generates $320 billion a year in revenue. Does this offer the majority of people involved in the trade a way out of poverty? * No, contributing to the unofficial market keeps them in poverty because cops can look into crops and take the drugs
What is the most widely grown and used drug? * Marijuana
What are the major causes of altered and damaged environments? * Population, technology, use of raw materials, use of nonhuman energy, and production of waste
Do scientists and the media portray the same “spin” on global warming? * No, scientist say global warming is happening and humans are to blame, media has mixed opinions some believe its humans fault others believe it is occurring from history of cold and hot climate change.
How does sugar and beef degrade the environment? * Sugar: clears forests, wood and fossil fuels to process, and waste water to clean it. * Beef: uses a lot of grain (pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer), uses a lot of water, and a lot of pollution.
What percent of grain produced in the United States is fed to livestock? * 80%
50% percent of the water consumed in the United States is used to grow grain to feed cattle.

Beef production has destroyed hundreds of thousands of acres of tropical forests in what countries? * Brazil, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Mexico.
What are the consequences of western livestock-raising practices being introduced in Africa to increase exports? * Pasture turned into desert and wild animals disappear
In 1989, why did Mexico City give children a month off of school for? * Pollution so bad it was like smoking two packs of cigarettes a day According to the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, what is the value of a human life? * $500,000- $2 million

Core countries ship 20 million tons of waste to the periphery annually.

There will also be questions from the videos watched in class.

Be familiar with the following terms:
Genocide: the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.
Manufacturing consent: efforts of governments and corporations to manipulate the manner in which policies and events are represented by the mass media and, consequently, interpreted by citizens.
Manufacturing “spins”: to justify military actions, to manufacture consent that going to war is in some national interest.
Democratic realism: it is best to strictly limit the government by the people and to redefine democracy as, by large, government for the people by enlightened and responsible elite.
Free trade: is a system in which goods, capital, and labor flow freely between nations, without barriers which could hinder the trade process.
NAFTA: is the treaty between Mexico, the US, and Canada that begins to establish them as a unified trading block for the rest of the world. It makes some forms of cross-border trade between the three countries easier but, despite its name, it does not remove tariffs [or import/export taxes] on their trading items.
International Monetary Fund: country debt and renegotiation or repayment, insists that high debt countries promote foreign investment.
World Trade Organization: deals with the rules of trade between nations at a global or near-global level.
Doubling time: amount of years it takes the population to double.
Population pyramids: a pyramid-shaped diagram illustrating the age distribution of a population: the youngest are represented by a rectangle at the base, the oldest by one at the apex
Malthus’s essay Principle of Population: Population increases faster than the food supply, Preventive checks to control fertility (Moral restraint and Marriage postponement), continued population growth will eventually lead to famine, disease and war.
Carrying capacity: Reduced doubling time, soon human population will exceed the carrying capacity of the earth
Eugenic theory: If people with defective genetic endowments have more offspring than those with superior endowments, the quality of the human race would decline, Eugenicists promote policies that discourage or prevent people with defective genes from reproducing while encouraging those with superior genes to have as many offspring as possible
Demographic transition theory: America is stage 3, graph analyzing
Wealth flow theory: The cost of raising children in rural areas is low, Children may represent a net gain economically, Security in old age, Cultural factors, Wealth flows from parents to children OR from children to parents
Green revolution: Intensification of the use of technology, Higher-yielding hybrid strains of corn, Farmers around the world producing high-yielding varieties, Encouraged by the petrochemical industry and fertilizer production plants.
Ecological footprint: Calculates the amount of land available to supply necessary resources and absorb waste given the consumption patterns of individual countries
Memo of Lawrence Summers: The cost of illness associated with pollution measured in working days lost is cheapest in the country with the lowest wages, Underdeveloped countries are “under polluted” the initial increases in pollution will have a relatively low cost, People in less developed countries have a lower life expectancy, so pollutants that cause diseases of the elderly are less of a concern