Study Guide 2 Anatomy

Unit 2 Lecture Study Guide –
1) What are the parts of an atom? Where are the subatomic particles found?
a) Protons, neutrons, and electrons
b) Protons and neutrons are located in the center of an atom in the nucleus and the electrons are located around the nucleus.
2) How does the Atomic Mass # differ from the Atomic #?
The atomic mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element and the atomic number is the number of protons that it has.
3) What is an isotope? Give an example (show how it is an isotope).
a) An isotope is when two or more of the same element contains equal number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus
b) Uranium238 is the elemental form, Uranium 235 is an isotope
4) Compare and contrast the 3 basic types of chemical bonds and give an example of each.
The three basic types of chemical bonds are Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen. Ionic bonds are between a metal and nonmetal, covalent bonds are between two nonmetals, and hydrogen bonds are forces of attraction between atoms
5) Why is pH important in Anatomy?
It is important because the body must be at the correct pH to function well and if it isn’t right then the body won’t function correctly.
6-9) Name the 4 main Organic Molecules in Biochemistry. Describe each one, and provide an example. What are the “building blocks” of each molecule? For example, protein = Amino Acid. • Proteins - monomers are amino acids and proteins are used for various reasons in cell such as structure, defense, modification. An example of a protein is hemoglobin that red blood cells used to carry oxygen. • Carbohydrates - monomers are monosaccarides with the general formula of CH20. Carbohydrates can be used for storage or energy or even for structure, such as the cellulose that makes up the plant cell wall. • Nucleic Acids - RNA and DNA, the monomers of both of them are nucleotides and nucleic acids are used to transfer their genetic information which codes for proteins. In other words, they code for production of specific proteins. • Lipids - Includes glycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids are extremely good in storing energy and that is their main function. They do not really have a monomer, but fatty acids do make up a main part of glycerides.

10) There are 4 levels of protein structure. What are the levels? How do the levels of a protein differ in structure and function? • Primary: refers to the unique sequence of amino acids in the protein. All proteins have a special sequence of amino acids, this sequence is derived from the cell's DNA. • Secondary : the bending of the polypeptide into sheets is referred to the proteins secondary structure. Alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet are the basic forms of this level. They can exist separately or jointly in a protein. • Tertiary: The folding back of a molecule upon itself and held together by disulfide bridges and hydrogen bonds. This adds to the proteins stability. • Quaternary: Complex structure formed by the interaction of 2 or more polypeptide chains. 11) Describe the structure of ATP and why it is important?
ATP is a molecule made up of 3 phosphate molecules and one nitrogen base. ATP is a nucleotide that performs many essential roles in the cell. It is the major energy currency of the cell, providing the energy for most of the energy-consuming activities of the cell; it is one of the monomers used in the synthesis of RNA and, after conversion to dATP, DNA; and it regulates many biochemical pathways.

12) Why is the plasma membrane important to cells?
The cell membrane surrounds all living cells. It controls how substances can move in and out of the cell and is responsible for many other properties of the cell as well. The membranes that surround the nucleus and other organelles are almost identical to the cell membrane. Membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates. 13-17) Name 5 cell organelles and their functions.
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1. Cell Membrane - Protects cell from harm and regulates material flow in and out of the cell
2. Mitochondria - Creates ATP, the energy use by the cell.
3. Nucleus - Holds DNA, and gives the rest of the cell orders.
4. Nucleolus - Organelle within the nucleus. Makes ribose, which creates ribosomes.
5. Golgi Apparatus - Organelle that packs materials and sends them off in vesicles.

18) Describe the structure of DNA.
It is a right handed double helix. It is made up of nucleotides that are bound to each other by phosphodiester bonds. It consists of a phosphorous group, anddeoxyribose sugar, and a base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine). The bases are connected to each other by hydrogen bonds. (A toT G toC) 19) How does DNA differ from RNA?

• DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose.

• DNA is a double stranded molecule while RNA is a single stranded molecule.

• DNA is stable under alkaline conditions while RNA is not stable.

• DNA and RNA perform different functions in humans. DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information while RNA directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins.

• DNA and RNA base pairing is slightly different, since DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Uracil differs from thymine in that it lacks a methyl group on its ring.

20) Describe transcription and translation in your own words. • Transcription is the process of making mRNA • Translation is the process of translating the of a mRNA to a sequence of amino acids to assemble the protein.

21) How are mitosis and meiosis similar…..different?
Similar:
• both are a type of cell division • both have no new gene combinations when each new cell splits • each new cell has the same number of chromosomes • both are involved in DNA replication • both have inter, pro, meta, ana, and telophases
Different:
• Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and meiosis occurs in reproductive cells • dividing cells in mitosis can be either diploid or haploid but in meiosis, the dividing cells can only be diploid • in mitosis, two daughter cells are formed but in meiosis, four daughter cells are formed • mitosis helps in growth and in body repairs but meiosis helps in sexual reproduction and regulation of the number of chromosomes • in mitosis, cytokinesis occurs only once, but in meiosis, cytokinesis may take place once or twice