study guide

CONTENT

Complete structure of Plant cell
Complete structure of Animal cell
Parts of the Skin , Nail, and Hair
Complete Human Skeleton
Human Muscular System
Human Nervous System
Human Endocrine System
Human Circulatory System
Human Lymphatic System
Human Respiratory System
Human Digestive System
Human Urinary System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System

DACLES, MARK O. Biological Science
BSA-1 Jhon Raymund S. Fernandez

Plant cell

The plant cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, which forms a selective barrier allowing nutrients to enter and waste products to leave. Unlike other eukaryotes, however, plant cells have retained a significant feature of their prokaryote ancestry, a rigid cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane. The cytoplasm contains specialized organelles, each of which is surrounded by a membrane. Plant cells differ from animal cells in that they lack centrioles and organelles for locomotion (cilia and flagella), but they do have additional specialized organelles. Chloroplasts convert light to chemical energy, a single large vacuole acts as a water reservoir, and plasmodesmata allow cytoplasmic substances to pass directly from one cell to another. There is only one nucleus and it contains all the genetic information necessary for cell growth and reproduction. The other organelles occur in multiple copies and carry out the various functions of the cell, allowing it to survive and participate in the functioning of the larger organism.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html
Animal cell

The animal cell is a typical eukaryotic cell. It ranges in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and is surrounded by a plasma membrane, which forms a selective barrier allowing nutrients to enter and waste products to leave. The cytoplasm contains a number of specialized organelles, each of which is surrounded by a membrane. There is only one nucleus and it contains all the genetic information necessary for cell growth and reproduction. The other organelles occur in multiple copies and carry out the various functions of the cell, allowing it to survive and participate in the functioning of the larger organism.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html

THE SKIN STRUCTURE

The skin is one of the largest organs in the body in surface area and weight. The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis or subcutaneous fatty tissue. The skin has three main functions: protection, regulation and sensation. Wounding affects all the functions of the skin.

http://www.clinimed.co.uk/Wound-Care/Education/Wound-Essentials/Structure-and-Function-of-the-Skin.aspx

THE NAIL STRUCTURE

The Free Edge
The is the end of the nail plate that is shaped during Manicure & Pedicure
The Hyponichium
This is the portion of skin at the end of the finger underneath the free edge, where the nail plate separates from the skin.
The Nail Grooves
These are the grooves on the skin at the sides of the free edge, and the nail follows the line as it grows.
The Nail Plate
This is the visible portion of the nail that sits on top of the nail bed. It is made by Keratinisation; the change of living cells to hard, dead cells, and it consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.
The Nail Walls
These are the folds of skin where the nail is still attached.
The Nail Bed
This is the part of the finger underneath the nail plate.
The Lunula
This is the moon shaped point where the matrix and nail bed meet.
The Cuticle
This is the overlapping skin surrounding the nail. Its job is to protect the matrix from invading bacteria and physical damage.
The Matrix
This is where the nail is made. It is the only living part of the nail, and contains nerves and blood vessels so that cell reproduction can occur.

http://www.create-magical-nails.com/nail-structure.html
THE HAIR STRUCTURE

• Hair is made from dead protein cells (keratin).
• A strand of hair has three layers: the cuticle (outer layer), the cortex (middle layer) and the medulla (inner layer).
• The medulla is a honeycomb keratin structure with air spaces within it.
• The cortex gives flexibility and tensile strength to hair and contains melanin (giving hair its color). Without melanin, the partly hollow hair appears grey.

• The cuticle is made from 6 to 11 layers of overlapping semi-transparent scales (which make the hair waterproof and allow it to be stretched). Someone with thick, course hair will have more overlapping layers of cuticles that someone with fine hair.

• Hair structure is such that a healthy hair shaft will be very strong: it can stretch up to 30% of its length, absorb its own weight in water, and swell up to 20% of its diameter.

http://new-imagehair.com/hair_structure.html Human Skeleton

http://www.aokainc.com/human-body-skeleton-labeled-parts/
Human Muscular System

http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/1muscles.html

Human Nervous System

http://www.anatomywarehouse.com/the-human-nervous-system-anatomy-chart-a-104238
Human Endocrine System

http://www.aokainc.com/endocrine-system-chart/

Human Circulatory System

http://www.cea1.com/anatomy-sistems/body-circulatory-system/
Human Lymphatic System

http://veritasradio.blogspot.com/2013/02/lymphatic-system-facts-functions.html
Human Respiratory System

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/respiratory-system-functions.html
Human Digestive System

http://www.greenleavesherbalhealth.co.uk/body-basics-education-series/the-digestive-system
Human Urinary System

http://www.kshitij-school.com/Study-Material/Class-11/Biology/Excretory-products-and-their-elimination/Human-excretory-system.aspx
Male Reproductive System

http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/anatomy-unit-4-/deck/4556849

Female Reproductive System

http://healthfavo.com/female-reproductive-system.html