Given this definition of Reproductive Justice as well as the amount of influence that intersectionality and intersectional analysis has had on feminist scholars, it is no secret as to why recent generations of women are much more understanding and accepting of this intersectional analysis and approach to women’s reproductive rights and, quite frankly, overall women’s rights. However, what really struck me from Ross’ reading was the fact that some supporters of the pro-choice movement, especially white women and older feminists, have actually found it insulting and offensive for us to say that “pro-choice” is not inclusive of all women in regards to their race, class, and sexuality to name a few. As was explained in the reading, these white women and older feminists take offense that even though they were the ones fighting to give women the right to choose, we…
The first and second waves of feminism failed to address the needs and experiences of Black women, they failed to view intersectionality in their agenda. Black women were being marginalized, many understood the term “black” with black men and “women” with only white women, excluding black women. Their experiences were worthless during these periods, no one addressed their oppression. The third wave of feminism focuses on intersectionality, the idea that someone can face multiple oppressions due to their overlapping identities. In the Combahee River Collective Statement we read about why Black feminist are necessary for ending oppression, “The fact that racial politics and indeed racism are pervasive factors in our lives did not allow us, and…
In The Combahee River Collective Statement, Zillah Eisenstein addresses intersectionality by describing how race, sex and class are interrelated and all causes of oppression. The author explains how a collection of Black feminists are fighting against heterosexual, class, racial and sexual oppression. As a Black feminist, Zillah Eisenstein sees Black feminism as a “logical political movement to combat the manifold and simultaneous oppressions that all women of color face” (Eisenstein 1).…
The Author of this book (On our own terms: race, class, and gender in the lives of African American Women) Leith Mullings seeks to explore the modern and historical lives of African American women on the issues of race, class and gender. Mullings does this in a very analytical way using a collection of essays written and collected over a twenty five year period. The author’s systematic format best explains her point of view. The book explores issues such as family, work and health comparing and contrasting between white and black women as well as between men and women of both races.…
Since the movement for women’s suffrage first began there were many intersections and obstacles the women of the organization must go through to gain the achievement of obtaining citizenship and their right to vote. In both Bell Hooks and Linda Harris Dobkins articles they respectively introduce race and power within the women’s movement and how it affected the movement. First off, in the passage Revolutionary Parenting Hooks acknowledges how difficult it is to define motherhood by including how race is a big factor and the perceived notion of mothers needing to be the nurtures and primary care takers of the children. When Hooks states the difference in opinions of motherhood between race, I felt that it was extremely important to note that women of color were deeply disenfranchised where we see how the idea of being a mother was oppressing, thus alienating a big group of colored women who saw motherhood not only liberating but empowering.…
Feminism in itself represented a strong sense of tension between the individual rights and societal claims. Women struggled to find the same respect that men did, both in the workplace and in society, and that’s a conflict which has continued into today. However, the rise of second wave feminism neglected to address the needs and concerns of women of color, sending multiracial feminism to the backburner. With black feminism specifically, white feminists claimed that the group already had liberation within their respective race, and that their need were different from that of white feminists. Hegemonic feminism served as the status quo, and major news outlets followed suit in how it reported on the topic. Between The New York Times and The Chicago Defender, it’s clear that what historians generally consider second wave feminism was simply hegemonic feminism, ignoring the needs of women of color in its movement. Black feminists were forced to create their own organizations and pioneer their own movements to find that sense of liberation that white feminists seemed to believe they already…
Having a Unified women movement is, therefore, vital in championing the rights of women regardless of color, race and sexual orientation. Turning a blind eye to racist only serves to worsen the situation. A mere strategic focus on one sort of oppression at the expense of others can be a source of new injustices. For example, the white feminist disregards her black house help and assumes she takes good care of her and goes on championing the rights of industry clerks. This is selective championing of women rights while turning a blind eye on the issues facing black women. Development of intersectionality theory, therefore, serves to include all the societal ills facing women and tackle them accordingly without subjecting one group to injustices.…
The Combahee River Collective was a black feminist Lesbian organization that produced “A Black Feminist Statement” in 1977. In their “What We Believe” proclamation, they addressed the difficulty with hegemonic white woman’s view of feminism and the marginalization involved with it. The proclamation stated, “we have in many ways gone beyond white women’s revelations because we are dealing with the implications of race and class as well as sex” (Kirk, 28). The issues of gender equality are relative to the upbringing and lively hood of those oppressed in certain environments. Women of color, thus, feel as if the civil rights movement and the movement led by white feminists is too limited for them. Black women are frequently absent from analyses of either gender oppression or racism because of their position in society, since the former focuses primarily on the experiences of white women and the latter on black men. There is a large grey area between both feminist and antiracist theory and practice that neglect to accurately reflect the interaction of race and gender, which leads to the marginalization of all non-white…
When thinking about the complexities of colored and poor women`s identity and Truth`s argument, many questions arise. Can those who did not actually do the work of “men” effectively use that argument to demand for equal rights? In African American Women`s History and the Metalanguage of Race, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham writes on how race was used to justify the rubric of woman. She writes “Black women failed to receive as a pretense of protection, so widely accepted was the belief that the spread of the disease was inevitable because black women were promiscuous by nature.” In this excerpt, Higginbotham writes about the belief that certain sexually transmitted diseases were spreading among the black community because black women were promiscuous.…
The main problem being discussed in this reading is the effect of social conflict and the distinctive differences of minorities in society. This reading particularly points out the struggles that African American men and women face in society compared to Whites. The author’s reason for writing this is to exemplify how it is challenging for African-Americans to fuse their subculture with their overall American identity. The author also points out black feminism and how feminism as a whole is associated to various issues such as race and class and how the power of African-Americans, women in particular, are looked down upon. This is important to sociology because it brings a different perspective into the lives of African-Americans that some…
Black women’s activism of the 1960s and early 1970s primarily stemmed from an awareness of intersectionality, which recognized the connections between oppression based on class, race, and gender. A number of issues were taken care of by this action, such as healthcare, inequality in education, poverty, racial violence, and police brutality. Leading individuals and groups stressed the importance of a more comprehensive social justice strategy that took gender and racial equality into account. In contrast, white-dominated feminist groups primarily focused on gender-specific issues such as employment opportunities, wage equality, reproductive rights, and legal inequalities. Their movement, which aimed for legislative and workplace reforms like…
Feminism is a fight for equality and should help everyone realize that equality needs to be shared on a global spectrum. The push for feminism has been widely spread across North America but it needs to be brought into other countries as well. Gay says, “What about other women of color? For Hispanic and Latina women, Indian women, Middle Eastern women, Asian women, their absence in popular culture is even more pronounced, their need for relief just as palpable and desperate” (Gay 268). Feminism is more than just local and the women struggling across the world need to be recognized too. Aside from women solely, there needs to be support for those of every gender specification, sexual orientation, age, race, and so on. Gay reminds the readers to never bystand and take a stand against wrongful discrimination, “As individuals, we may not be able to do much, but when we’re silent when someone uses the word ‘gay’ as an insult, we are falling short. When we don’t vote to support equal marriage rights for all, we are falling short” (Gay 178). Even if the discrimination is not directly said to a gay person, using the term “gay” in a derogatory way is wrong and hurtful. She encourages her readers to divert that person, and others from using the wrongful term in the wrong context. Finally, she says that help is needed everywhere, “So many of us are reaching out, hoping someone out there will grab our hands and remind us we are not as…
This is when privilege determines who is the “Us,” and who is the “Them.” In “A Question of Class,” Dorothy Allison shares her struggles as a lesbian coming from a low-income background. She expresses that being poor label her as the “other.” However, her white privilege makes her have more opportunities compared to her black peers. Allison argues that “The horror of class stratification, racism, and prejudice is that some people begin to believe that the security of their families and communities depends on the oppression of others, that for some to have good lives, there must be others whose lives are truncated and brutal” (Allison 35). Based on her experience, she observes that people, in order to keep or protect their privilege, have to oppress the…
An inclusionist feminist vision is a vision that most Liberal feminists abide by. This vision involves the idealism that all women fall victim to the same issues as others meaning that there is no special treatment for marginalized groups. In the same way, each minority has their own struggles and the inclusionist feminist vision does not fully recognize these differences. For this reason, in society the inclusionist feminist vision is not a viable concept simply because it does not fully recognize the difficulties marginalized groups are facing. Being that, the evidence pertaining to why the inclusionist feminist vision is not a viable one is displayed specifically throughout the works of Beverly Daniel Tatum, Cathrine Crisp, and Barbra Ethrenreich.…
“Ain’t I a woman” by bell hooks, made me come to a realization that, patriarchy was tied to sexism. The reason of incorporating such reading into this paper on human rights is to make it known that, there are certain things that are lacking in the African-American community. Yes, we are united as one in political and racial matters, but there is a gap amongst us in terms of hierarchy. In chapter 3 of the reading, hooks explained the idea of how black men were denied access to certain office jobs just because of the color of their skin. This is indeed a form of human right violation because, each and every individual is entitled to their right to own a business or work in a field of their interest, without being subject to any form of discrimination. In the same chapter, hooks relayed to her readers and audience the basic ways in which the human rights of black women are also violated when it came to domestic chores. Household chores were considered the least prefered job in the society. Of course, white women especially felt the need to offer such jobs to the black women because they felt it was demeaning to their social status. Therefore, it was not a way of providing a job opportunity to the blacks for the sake of it, but it was mainly due to the fact that it was considered a demeaning…