Summation Vs Neuron

Q1) Describe and compare BOTH the similarities and differences between spatial and temporal summation Summation can be defined as the method which neurons use to communicate with each other, determining if the cumulative postsynaptic potential in the neuron is enough to pass the threshold for firing. There are two types of summation, spatial summation and temporal summation. Both types of summation are similar in that they work to strengthen the EPSP of a neuron, meaning they help create more postsynaptic potential so that neurons are more likely to fire. Spatial summation and temporal summation also both use an additive effect to help neurons reach the threshold to fire. The additive effect is when more action potential is added to a neuron,
Myelin is composed of fats and proteins which insulates axons, making them myelinated. These axons are covered in a myelin sheath which covers almost the entire axon, but leaving small incremental gaps which are known as the nodes of Ranvier. Myelin insulates the axon making it so ions are unable to pass across the axon membrane. Since the only place sodium is located and freely moving on the axon is at the nodes of Ranvier, the action potential hops from node to node, which is called saltatory conduction. This is the first reason that myelinated axons have a higher conduction velocity than non-myelinated axons. Since the action potential goes from one node of Ranvier to another, it is able to travel a greater distance in a shorter time than it would on a non-myelinated axon. This process is aided by the fact that the opening of one sodium channel in a myelinated axon depolarizes more of the axon than in a non-myelinated cell since only the nodes of Ranvier have the ability to release and absorb sodium ions, and not the rest of the myelin-covered axon. The transmission of the action potential between the nodes of Ranvier is fast because when the action potential reaches the node, a new action potential is triggered, causing that action potential to reach the next node, and the cycle continues. A myelinated axon also spends considerably less energy which helps aid in speeding up the velocity. Sodium-potassium transporters are not needed along the myelin sheath covering the axon, and therefore less energy is spent pumping out sodium from the axon when the action potential is ready to come across the axon. Many mammals have myelinated axons in their central nervous system, CNS, so that the neurons are more quickly able to respond to situations that are encountered. Myelinated axons make neurons able to respond