Sun Exposure In Australia
Sun plays the most significant role in the evolution of every thing incredibly present on the
Planet Earth.Sun is not only the just the source of light, but it also very well known as source of extensive UV Rays (Ultra Violet) , Vitamin D , and the only thing through which photosynthesis in plants is possible. However due to numbers of benefits, it 's worst side can 't be forgotten.
Now days most of the part the world especially Australia is reviving the cases for the patients of
Skin Caner , Sun Burn and Tanning which is causes by the Sun. So from last the few years this is the one of the critical question that Should people avoid the sun to prevent skin cancer or seek sun exposure in order to have sufficient Vitamin D? To find out …show more content…
the possible answer this piece writing will discuss the both aspects of the Sun exposure, the benefits as well as the side effects for humans and confirm that is the more research needed or not?
Sun exposure also known as Solar radiation and can be defined as the extensive source of Ultra
Violet rays which is responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin D an essential molecule body in human body and for Sun Burn and Skin Caner which are fatal for human races (Sinclair, 2006).
Lucas , (2007) also stated that the Sun exposure is the source of number of health benefits as well as disastrous effect. There are many heath benefits of Sun exposure other than production of Vitamin D such as enhancing mood and energy , treating in neonatal jaundice and it may be treating in T-cell lymphoma (Lucas & Ponsonby, 2006 ; Sinclair ,2006 ). Moreover the sun bath is widely used in the treatment of psoriasis,atopic dermatitis , scleroderma and importantly increases the skin barrier function (Horák & Rébl ,2013).
Nair & Maseeh, (2012) already mentioned in their article as Vitamin D is also known as
"Sunshine Vitamin" as it is extensively produce with the help of sunlight. Firstly talk about the
production of Vitamin D through elements of Sun exposure means U.V. Rays ( Ultra Violet ) which is the main source. Ultra Violet Rays are divided into three types of rays that is UVA ,
UVB and UVC. Ultra Violet-B radiation from the sunlight significantly initiates the process of production of the Vitamin D by converting the "7-dehydrochlorostereol in the skin to previtamin
D," which is then hydroxylated in liver to 25- hydroxy vitamin-D ( Nair‐ Shalliker , Clements,
Fenech, & Armstrong , 2013). An average diet taken by humans is consist of insufficient amount of vitamin D so this is full- fill through sunlight ( Nair-Shalliker et al , 2013 ). In fact without vitamin D the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body is limited only up-to 10%- 20%
( Nair & Maseeh, 2012). Furthermore this vitamin stimulate the functioning of immune system to protect bacterial and viral infection.
According to specific research 95% of the synthesis of Vitamin D is just stop by applying the sunscreen lotion or cream on the skin ( Nair & Maseeh, 2012 ). This deficiency leads to numbers of abnormalities such as in bone metabolism and phosphorus and calcium , which enhances the mineralization defect in the skeleton ( Holick , 2007 ). Moreover people with medical conditions or medication affecting the Vitamin D, including kidney diseases , obesity and liver disease
( Mosekilde, 2005). However, still it is very arguable question that how much sun exposure is necessary to maintain the adequacy of vitamin D?
This is one of the significant question for years that How much vitamin D does a person require?
How much vitamin D a person has in their body is measure by the level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D
(25(OH)D) in their blood. It has general consensus that levels below 25nmol/L (10ng/ml) are
“deficient”.
However, there is currently no standard measurement of what the optimal level of vitamin D is, and vitamin D levels may vary between individuals.
Few researchers suggest that 70-80nmol is best, but others suggest that vitamin D levels may plateau at this level and not get any higher regardless of how much sunlight or supplements are taken. "The report cites a Hawaiian study, which found that “half of healthy young surfers had levels below 75nmol/L despite extensive unprotected outdoor exposure and tanned skin. Vitamin
D can also be obtained through the diet, particularly through oily fish. However, estimates suggest that 90% of the vitamin D requirement comes from sunlight" ( Nair-Shalliker et al ,
2013 ).
Although Sun light has great source of health benefits , but its drawback is widely known through out the world , from which Skin cancer , Sun burn and tanning are the most common problems faced by the people ( Hoffmann & Meffert , 2005 ; Brøndum-Jacobsen, Nordestgaard ,
Nielsen & Benn , 2013). Ultraviolet (UV) rays are an invisible form of radiation so it can pass through the skin and damages the skin cells. Sunburns and tanning are the signs of skin …show more content…
damage
( Moan , Porojnicu, Dahlback & Setlow, 2008). Non-melanoma skin cancer is also known as keratinocyte carcinomas, which is the very common skin cancer found in humans. Furthermore, according to study 40–50% of patients suffering with a primary carcinoma and which leads to develop at least one or more further basal-cell carcinomas within 5 years.
"The estimated
incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in the USA is more than 1 000 000 cases per year, of which roughly 20–30% are of squamous-cell carcinoma" (Madan , Lear & Szeimies ,2010).
It is the fact that UV rays are the only thing which damage DNA directly (Madan , Lear &
Szeimies ,2010). According to Madan et al,(2010) Ultra violet B directly damages the RNA and
DNA by forming the covalent bond in between the adjacent pyrimidines which triggers the generation of mutagenic photoproducts such as cyclopyrimidine dimers (TT) and pyrimidinepyrimidine (6-4) adducts. It has been reported that in patients with a rare cell-mediated immunity disorder, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, of high rates of malignant transformation of atypical infection is observed with β human papillomaviruses (HPV) provides the clues about the association between HPV and non-melanoma skin cance. Further evidence estimates that up to 50% in immunocompetent individuals contain DNA from cutaneous or β HPV types and to 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers in immuno compromised individuals. However, no specific
HPV subtypes is linked with non-melanoma skin cancer (Madan et al, 2010).
According to specific study by Armstrong & Kricker, (2001) there are some more evidence that sun exposure causes the skin cancer such as the latitude gradient of UVB is far more than UV and use of sun beds for tanning with UV rays initiates the melanoma caner .In addition more studies reveal that Hispanic ethnic origin suffers less as compare to Anglo ethnic origins from sun exposure skin cancer (Armstrong & Kricker, 2001). The evidence is weak, taken with the experimental evidence and it seems that probably UVB is the main cause of Skin caner. And it is not possible, that to draw any conclusion on the basis of experimental study is that UVA from ultra violet rays are the source of skin caner as compare to UVB.
Cases of Skin cancer has been noted down extensively in Australia as Skin cancer is mostly preventable by taking simple some simple steps such as wearing protective clothing, applying sunscreens and avoiding the sun. "Sensible sun protection does not put people at risk of vitamin
D deficiency. When sunscreen is tested in lab conditions it is shown to block vitamin D production, however regular use in real life has been shown to have little effect on vitamin D levels. This is probably because people who use more sunscreen spend more time in the sun, so naturally they will have higher vitamin D levels" (How much sun in enough ?) Sun protection is needed when the index of Ultra Violet rays are more than 3 or above. UV levels are above 3 all year round and reach extreme levels of 14+ in summer at northern parts of Australia (for example Brisbane and Darwin), so sun protection is needed daily . According to
(http://www.cancer.org.au/) "in Adelaide, Melbourne and Hobart, the average daily UV levels remain below 3 from May to August, so sun protection is not required unless you are at high altitudes, outside for extended periods or near highly reflective surfaces like snow". Sun screen lotion and cream plays a significant role in the protection of skin cancer from the sun exposure at big extent and this approved by many dermatologists ( Iannacone, Hughes, & Green, 2014). SPF
( Sun Protecting Factor) in the sun screen is the solution to protect body from extensive Ultra
Violet rays, as SPF 30 can be considered as helpful to give a shield from UVB and UVA.
To sum up this piece of writing still the answer is not clear that How much sunlight or sun exposure is needed for the production of Vitamin D? or Should people avoid the sun to prevent skin cancer or seek sun exposure in order to have sufficient Vitamin D? This topic is still hot for the most of researchers and dermatologist and they continuing the researches. Whether there are
numbers of benefits of sun exposure but the weight-age of drastic effect is far more than benefits.From small little steps initiation Skin cancer can be stop.
REFERENCES
1. Armstrong, B. K., & Kricker, A. (2001). The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer.
Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology, 63(1), 8-18. doi:10.1016/S10111344(01)00198-1
2.Barysch, M. J., Hofbauer, G. F., & Dummer, R. (2010). Vitamin D, ultraviolet exposure, and skin cancer in the elderly. Gerontology, 56(4), 410. doi:10.1159/000315119
3.Brøndum-Jacobsen, P., Nordestgaard, B. G., Nielsen, S. F., & Benn, M. (2013). Skin cancer as a marker of sun exposure associates with myocardial infarction, hip fracture and death from any cause. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(5), 1486-1496. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt168
4.Hoffmann, G., & Meffert, H. (2005). Apparent contradiction between negative effects of UV radiation and positive effects of sun exposure. German Medical Science : GMS e-Journal, 3,
Doc01-Doc01.
5.Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–81
6.Horák, J., & Rébl, K. (2013). The species richness of click beetles in ancient pasture woodland benefits from a high level of sun exposure. Journal of Insect Conservation, 17(2), 307-318. doi:10.1007/s10841-012-9511-2 7.Lucas, R. M. (2007). Critically evaluating the evidence: Risk versus benefit for sun exposure.
Expert Rev.Dermatol, 2(5), 515-518. doi:10.1586/17469872.2.5.51
8.Lucas, R. M., & Ponsonby, A. (2006). Considering the potential benefits as well as adverse effects of sun exposure: Can all the potential benefits be provided by oral vitamin D supplementation? Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 140-149. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.019 9..Madan, V., Lear, J. T., & Szeimies, R. (2010). Non-melanoma skin cancer. Lancet, 375(9715),
673-685. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61196-X
10.Moan, J., Porojnicu, A. C., Dahlback, A., & Setlow, R. B. (2008). Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin D or skin cancer, of increased sun exposure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(2), 668-673. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710615105 11.Mosekilde, L. (2005). Vitamin D and the elderly. Clinical Endocrinology, 62(3), 265-281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02226.x 12. Nair, R., & Maseeh, A. (2012). Vitamin D: The "sunshine" vitamin. Journal of Pharmacology
& Pharmacotherapeutics, 3(2), 118-126. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.95506
13. Nair‐ Shalliker, V., Clements, M., Fenech, M., & Armstrong, B. K. (2013). Personal sun exposure and serum 25‐ hydroxy vitamin D concentrations. Photochemistry and Photobiology,
89(1), 208-214. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01201.x
14.Sinclair, C. (2006). Risks and benefits of sun exposure: Implications for public health practice based on the australian experience. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 173178. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.006
15.Iannacone, M. R., Hughes, M. C. B., & Green, A. C. (2014). Effects of sunscreen on skin cancer and photoaging. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 30(2-3), 55-61. doi:10.1111/phpp.12109 16.(http://www.cancer.org.au/) Retrieved from : http://www.cancer.org.au/preventingcancer/sun-protection/vitamin-d/how- much-sun- is-enough.html
Planet Earth.Sun is not only the just the source of light, but it also very well known as source of extensive UV Rays (Ultra Violet) , Vitamin D , and the only thing through which photosynthesis in plants is possible. However due to numbers of benefits, it 's worst side can 't be forgotten.
Now days most of the part the world especially Australia is reviving the cases for the patients of
Skin Caner , Sun Burn and Tanning which is causes by the Sun. So from last the few years this is the one of the critical question that Should people avoid the sun to prevent skin cancer or seek sun exposure in order to have sufficient Vitamin D? To find out …show more content…
the possible answer this piece writing will discuss the both aspects of the Sun exposure, the benefits as well as the side effects for humans and confirm that is the more research needed or not?
Sun exposure also known as Solar radiation and can be defined as the extensive source of Ultra
Violet rays which is responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin D an essential molecule body in human body and for Sun Burn and Skin Caner which are fatal for human races (Sinclair, 2006).
Lucas , (2007) also stated that the Sun exposure is the source of number of health benefits as well as disastrous effect. There are many heath benefits of Sun exposure other than production of Vitamin D such as enhancing mood and energy , treating in neonatal jaundice and it may be treating in T-cell lymphoma (Lucas & Ponsonby, 2006 ; Sinclair ,2006 ). Moreover the sun bath is widely used in the treatment of psoriasis,atopic dermatitis , scleroderma and importantly increases the skin barrier function (Horák & Rébl ,2013).
Nair & Maseeh, (2012) already mentioned in their article as Vitamin D is also known as
"Sunshine Vitamin" as it is extensively produce with the help of sunlight. Firstly talk about the
production of Vitamin D through elements of Sun exposure means U.V. Rays ( Ultra Violet ) which is the main source. Ultra Violet Rays are divided into three types of rays that is UVA ,
UVB and UVC. Ultra Violet-B radiation from the sunlight significantly initiates the process of production of the Vitamin D by converting the "7-dehydrochlorostereol in the skin to previtamin
D," which is then hydroxylated in liver to 25- hydroxy vitamin-D ( Nair‐ Shalliker , Clements,
Fenech, & Armstrong , 2013). An average diet taken by humans is consist of insufficient amount of vitamin D so this is full- fill through sunlight ( Nair-Shalliker et al , 2013 ). In fact without vitamin D the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body is limited only up-to 10%- 20%
( Nair & Maseeh, 2012). Furthermore this vitamin stimulate the functioning of immune system to protect bacterial and viral infection.
According to specific research 95% of the synthesis of Vitamin D is just stop by applying the sunscreen lotion or cream on the skin ( Nair & Maseeh, 2012 ). This deficiency leads to numbers of abnormalities such as in bone metabolism and phosphorus and calcium , which enhances the mineralization defect in the skeleton ( Holick , 2007 ). Moreover people with medical conditions or medication affecting the Vitamin D, including kidney diseases , obesity and liver disease
( Mosekilde, 2005). However, still it is very arguable question that how much sun exposure is necessary to maintain the adequacy of vitamin D?
This is one of the significant question for years that How much vitamin D does a person require?
How much vitamin D a person has in their body is measure by the level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D
(25(OH)D) in their blood. It has general consensus that levels below 25nmol/L (10ng/ml) are
“deficient”.
However, there is currently no standard measurement of what the optimal level of vitamin D is, and vitamin D levels may vary between individuals.
Few researchers suggest that 70-80nmol is best, but others suggest that vitamin D levels may plateau at this level and not get any higher regardless of how much sunlight or supplements are taken. "The report cites a Hawaiian study, which found that “half of healthy young surfers had levels below 75nmol/L despite extensive unprotected outdoor exposure and tanned skin. Vitamin
D can also be obtained through the diet, particularly through oily fish. However, estimates suggest that 90% of the vitamin D requirement comes from sunlight" ( Nair-Shalliker et al ,
2013 ).
Although Sun light has great source of health benefits , but its drawback is widely known through out the world , from which Skin cancer , Sun burn and tanning are the most common problems faced by the people ( Hoffmann & Meffert , 2005 ; Brøndum-Jacobsen, Nordestgaard ,
Nielsen & Benn , 2013). Ultraviolet (UV) rays are an invisible form of radiation so it can pass through the skin and damages the skin cells. Sunburns and tanning are the signs of skin …show more content…
damage
( Moan , Porojnicu, Dahlback & Setlow, 2008). Non-melanoma skin cancer is also known as keratinocyte carcinomas, which is the very common skin cancer found in humans. Furthermore, according to study 40–50% of patients suffering with a primary carcinoma and which leads to develop at least one or more further basal-cell carcinomas within 5 years.
"The estimated
incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in the USA is more than 1 000 000 cases per year, of which roughly 20–30% are of squamous-cell carcinoma" (Madan , Lear & Szeimies ,2010).
It is the fact that UV rays are the only thing which damage DNA directly (Madan , Lear &
Szeimies ,2010). According to Madan et al,(2010) Ultra violet B directly damages the RNA and
DNA by forming the covalent bond in between the adjacent pyrimidines which triggers the generation of mutagenic photoproducts such as cyclopyrimidine dimers (TT) and pyrimidinepyrimidine (6-4) adducts. It has been reported that in patients with a rare cell-mediated immunity disorder, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, of high rates of malignant transformation of atypical infection is observed with β human papillomaviruses (HPV) provides the clues about the association between HPV and non-melanoma skin cance. Further evidence estimates that up to 50% in immunocompetent individuals contain DNA from cutaneous or β HPV types and to 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers in immuno compromised individuals. However, no specific
HPV subtypes is linked with non-melanoma skin cancer (Madan et al, 2010).
According to specific study by Armstrong & Kricker, (2001) there are some more evidence that sun exposure causes the skin cancer such as the latitude gradient of UVB is far more than UV and use of sun beds for tanning with UV rays initiates the melanoma caner .In addition more studies reveal that Hispanic ethnic origin suffers less as compare to Anglo ethnic origins from sun exposure skin cancer (Armstrong & Kricker, 2001). The evidence is weak, taken with the experimental evidence and it seems that probably UVB is the main cause of Skin caner. And it is not possible, that to draw any conclusion on the basis of experimental study is that UVA from ultra violet rays are the source of skin caner as compare to UVB.
Cases of Skin cancer has been noted down extensively in Australia as Skin cancer is mostly preventable by taking simple some simple steps such as wearing protective clothing, applying sunscreens and avoiding the sun. "Sensible sun protection does not put people at risk of vitamin
D deficiency. When sunscreen is tested in lab conditions it is shown to block vitamin D production, however regular use in real life has been shown to have little effect on vitamin D levels. This is probably because people who use more sunscreen spend more time in the sun, so naturally they will have higher vitamin D levels" (How much sun in enough ?) Sun protection is needed when the index of Ultra Violet rays are more than 3 or above. UV levels are above 3 all year round and reach extreme levels of 14+ in summer at northern parts of Australia (for example Brisbane and Darwin), so sun protection is needed daily . According to
(http://www.cancer.org.au/) "in Adelaide, Melbourne and Hobart, the average daily UV levels remain below 3 from May to August, so sun protection is not required unless you are at high altitudes, outside for extended periods or near highly reflective surfaces like snow". Sun screen lotion and cream plays a significant role in the protection of skin cancer from the sun exposure at big extent and this approved by many dermatologists ( Iannacone, Hughes, & Green, 2014). SPF
( Sun Protecting Factor) in the sun screen is the solution to protect body from extensive Ultra
Violet rays, as SPF 30 can be considered as helpful to give a shield from UVB and UVA.
To sum up this piece of writing still the answer is not clear that How much sunlight or sun exposure is needed for the production of Vitamin D? or Should people avoid the sun to prevent skin cancer or seek sun exposure in order to have sufficient Vitamin D? This topic is still hot for the most of researchers and dermatologist and they continuing the researches. Whether there are
numbers of benefits of sun exposure but the weight-age of drastic effect is far more than benefits.From small little steps initiation Skin cancer can be stop.
REFERENCES
1. Armstrong, B. K., & Kricker, A. (2001). The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer.
Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology, 63(1), 8-18. doi:10.1016/S10111344(01)00198-1
2.Barysch, M. J., Hofbauer, G. F., & Dummer, R. (2010). Vitamin D, ultraviolet exposure, and skin cancer in the elderly. Gerontology, 56(4), 410. doi:10.1159/000315119
3.Brøndum-Jacobsen, P., Nordestgaard, B. G., Nielsen, S. F., & Benn, M. (2013). Skin cancer as a marker of sun exposure associates with myocardial infarction, hip fracture and death from any cause. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(5), 1486-1496. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt168
4.Hoffmann, G., & Meffert, H. (2005). Apparent contradiction between negative effects of UV radiation and positive effects of sun exposure. German Medical Science : GMS e-Journal, 3,
Doc01-Doc01.
5.Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–81
6.Horák, J., & Rébl, K. (2013). The species richness of click beetles in ancient pasture woodland benefits from a high level of sun exposure. Journal of Insect Conservation, 17(2), 307-318. doi:10.1007/s10841-012-9511-2 7.Lucas, R. M. (2007). Critically evaluating the evidence: Risk versus benefit for sun exposure.
Expert Rev.Dermatol, 2(5), 515-518. doi:10.1586/17469872.2.5.51
8.Lucas, R. M., & Ponsonby, A. (2006). Considering the potential benefits as well as adverse effects of sun exposure: Can all the potential benefits be provided by oral vitamin D supplementation? Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 140-149. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.019 9..Madan, V., Lear, J. T., & Szeimies, R. (2010). Non-melanoma skin cancer. Lancet, 375(9715),
673-685. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61196-X
10.Moan, J., Porojnicu, A. C., Dahlback, A., & Setlow, R. B. (2008). Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin D or skin cancer, of increased sun exposure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(2), 668-673. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710615105 11.Mosekilde, L. (2005). Vitamin D and the elderly. Clinical Endocrinology, 62(3), 265-281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02226.x 12. Nair, R., & Maseeh, A. (2012). Vitamin D: The "sunshine" vitamin. Journal of Pharmacology
& Pharmacotherapeutics, 3(2), 118-126. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.95506
13. Nair‐ Shalliker, V., Clements, M., Fenech, M., & Armstrong, B. K. (2013). Personal sun exposure and serum 25‐ hydroxy vitamin D concentrations. Photochemistry and Photobiology,
89(1), 208-214. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01201.x
14.Sinclair, C. (2006). Risks and benefits of sun exposure: Implications for public health practice based on the australian experience. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 173178. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.006
15.Iannacone, M. R., Hughes, M. C. B., & Green, A. C. (2014). Effects of sunscreen on skin cancer and photoaging. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 30(2-3), 55-61. doi:10.1111/phpp.12109 16.(http://www.cancer.org.au/) Retrieved from : http://www.cancer.org.au/preventingcancer/sun-protection/vitamin-d/how- much-sun- is-enough.html