supernatural machinery of Rape of the Lock

Chartism, British working-class movement for parliamentaryreformnamed after thePeople’s Charter, a bill drafted by theLondonradicalWilliamLovettin May 1838. It contained six demands: universal manhoodsuffrage, equal electoral districts, vote by ballot, annually elected Parliaments, payment of members ofParliament, and abolition of the property qualifications for membership. Chartism was the first movement both working class in character and national in scope that grew out of the protest against the injustices of the new industrial and political order in Britain. While composed of working people, Chartism was also mobilized around populism as well as clan identity.ImagesThe movement was born amid the economic depression of 1837–38, when high unemploymentand the effects of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 were felt in all parts of Britain. Lovett’s charter provided a program acceptable to a heterogeneous working-class population. The movement swelled to national importance under the vigorous leadership of the IrishmanFeargus Edward O’Connor, who stumped the nation in 1838 in support of the six points. While some of the massive Irish presence in Britain supported Chartism, most were devoted to the Catholic Repeal movement ofDaniel O’Connell.A Chartist convention met in London in February 1839 to prepare apetitionto present to Parliament.“Ulterior measures” were threatened should Parliament ignore the demands, but the delegates differed in their degrees of militancy and over whatform “ulterior measures” should take. In May the convention moved to Birmingham, where riots led to the arrest of its moderate leaders Lovett and John Collins.The rump of the convention returned to London and presented its petition in July. Parliament rejected it summarily. There followed in Novemberan armed rising of the “physical force” Chartists atNewport, which was quickly suppressed. Its principal leaders were banished toAustralia, and nearly every other Chartist leader was arrested