Surface Of Venus Research Papers

In 1960s, the USSR and the US, as pioneers, devoted dramatic enthusiasm to exploring the Venus. However, from 1961 to 1969, there were only 2 successful ones from 18 missions.

The first successful mission is Flyby, conducted by the US in 22nd July 1962. On 27th August 1962, the US released the "Mariner 2", which approached to the Venus on 14th December 1962 (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1962). The atmospheric temperature on the Venus was gauged by the microwave radiometer on “Mariner 2”, and the temperature of the top of cloud on the Venus was measured through the infrared radiometer as well (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1962). Additionally, this exploration indicated that the magnetic field on the Venus was weak (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1962).
These two probes successfully landed on the surface of the Venus. However, the essential equipment on probes was damaged, leading to that it failed to get insight into the surface of the Venus. While, on 17th August 1970, with the experiences from the previous two attempts, "Venus 7" lander completed their missions on the surface of the Venus successfully. The lander gauged the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Venus, which illustrated that the pressure on the Venus’ surface was at least 90 times stronger than that of Earth, and the temperatures on the surface of the Venus was baked up to 470℃ (Mitchell,
The probe was equipped with an advanced television camera and a radar system utilized to reflect and study the surface of the Venus through the thick cloud and obtained the images as small as a football field, which was 10 times better than the images obtained in the previous observations (Young, 1990). Thanks to "Magellan", the majority of areas on the Venus were observed. Combined with the previous observations and investigations from the USSR, human has a better understanding of the