Understand basic mechanisms of receptor regulation Desensitization, homologous or heterologous Spare receptors -1- OVERVIEW OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOLOGICAL (NOT ANATOMICAL) DIVISION OF PNS: Cholinergic vs. Adrenergic Cholinergic: All preganglionic and parasympathetic postganglionic Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at ganglia, nmj, and muscarinic tissue synapses Adrenergic: Postganglionic sympathetic neurons (most). Norepinephrine is the transmitter Exceptions: Cholinergic transmission in sympathetic system - all ganglia, adrenal medulla, sweat glands (muscarinic)…
As mammals our aerobic metabolic system requires oxygen for us to sustain life. The organ that transports oxygen from the environment into the body where it is needed, are the lungs. Oxygen is transported through cellular respiration from the lungs to tissues and organs. Between 2,100 to 2,400 gallons of air is breathed to fuel 2,400 gallons of blood that is pumped into the heart. Respiration is controlled by the medulla oblongata, which deals with the autonomic function of breathing. This characteristic allows one to breathe without having to think about the process but can also be overridden and controlled in certain situations. As a result of respiration, carbon dioxide is produced where it is removed for oxygen to be restored. The purpose…
The effector organs for the sympathetic system include: the smooth muscle of blood vessels, lungs, viscera, scalp, pupils, the heart, and glands. The effector organs for the parasympathetic system include: lacrimal glands, salivary glands, neck, blood vessels of the head, thoracoabdominal viscera, smooth muscle of glands and viscera (eg, liver, spleen, colon, kidneys, bladder,…
a. The sympathetic and parasympathetic are two branches of the autonomic nervous system. Both supply nerve impulses to the heart. The sympathetic (fight or flight), becomes more active when needed. Stimulation will increase the heart rate and force of contractions.…
The autonomic nervous system is divided into two sub-sections called the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is the actual system that releases energy and prepares the body for action. The body then typically restores itself back to normal after a period of time by the parasympathetic nervous system, which acts as a kind of stabilizer (Sanes DH, Reh TA, Harris WA (2006). Development of the nervous system)”.…
You are a ‘gifted and talented’ athlete who is taking part in some training and your coach has insisted that you understand more about HOW your body works during exercise to maximise your training and ultimately your performance.…
Part of a neuron that contains a nucleus but does not incorporate the axon and dendrites…
Which ancestral region of the brain is responsible for modern human’s speech and ability to do algebra?…
1. Explain both the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system. Include the subdivisions of each.…
norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. nitric oxide D. All of the choices are correct. Blooms Level: 1. Remember Fox - Chapter 09 #61 Section: 9.03 Topic: Nervous System 5. _____________ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves. A. Acetylcholine B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine Blooms Level: 1. Remember Fox - Chapter 09 #59 Section: 9.03 Topic: Nervous System 6. Damage to the _____________ nerve would inhibit salivary production. A. abducens B. vagus C. hypoglossal D. facial Blooms Level: 1. Remember Fox - Chapter 09 #34 Section: 9.02 Table: 9.03 Topic: Nervous System 7. Nicotinic agonists would bind cholinergic receptors on preganglionic autonomic neurons. TRUE Blooms Level: 2. Understand Fox - Chapter 09 #79 Section: 9.03 Topic: Nervous System 8. The _____________ has both a1 and b1 receptors and responds to sympathoadrenal stimulation with glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose. A. liver B. pancreas C. adrenal cortex D. None of the choices are correct. Blooms Level: 1. Remember Fox - Chapter 09 #67 Section: 9.03 Topic: Nervous System 9. Heart rate is increased in response to sympathetic…
When substances like acetylcholine and norepinephrine are released in the body, they tend to bind to receptors, tissues and neurons. These neurotransmitters transfer signals throughout the nervous system and stimulates action potentials in the postganglionic neurons. Receptors found on the ANS and PNS includes the cholinergic receptors, which consists of all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic, sympathetic postganglionic and all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. The cholinergic receptors are found in the postsynaptic plasma membrane. The cholinergic receptors include two types- nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Both of which are activated by acetylcholine. The nicotinic receptors are found in the postganglionic region of…
Inside our brain, there is this system called the human nervous system. There are two types of nervous systems: the peripheral and central nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system includes the nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body. It has two subdivisions: somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. Somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles and interacts with the external environment. An example is walking through a park. You are using your motor nerves, which relay messages from the central nervous system, to all the skeletal muscles of your body. The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s internal environment, which consists of organs, glands, and blood vessels. An example is breathing.…
Depicts Nyasha, the daughter of rich educated Babamukuru, as a troubled hybrid character who can’t accept herself due to her internal struggle with hybridity. Looking to gain insight and self-awareness based on her mixed cultural background, Nyasha challenges herself to take control of her own life. The statement in the introductory paragraph of Nervous Conditions, “The condition of a native is a nervous condition.”(From an introduction to Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth). Clearly relates to Nyasha’s eating disorder, her own identity crisis in the Rhodesian colonial setting, and her psychological issues with hybridity.…
Nervous Conditions What is the meaning of this book’s title? Where does it come from? (2 lines, 5 points): The quote comes from Fanon’s Wretched of the Earth. The title has to do with the way the mind works in reaction to colonialism. Every character negotiates neurosis, which is more often than not denial. They want to overcome but are trapped and limited by the confines of both their culture and the culture imposed on them. Please describe 3 major characters (2 lines each, 5 points each): Nyashais the rebellious one in the novel. She knows what kind of lives British women lead because she was schooled there and the kind that the Shonawomen lead. Since she did not grow up in the Shonaway she has no memories and no tie to these people so she can speak out against what she believes is wrong. Tambuis a girl that sees the influence of patriarchy on women. Had her brother not died she would not be in the situation she is in now. All she wants is to escape the life she leads and get an education. The problem is she nearly forgets where she comes from. Maiguruwants the best for her kids. She gave them a Western education to better enhance their life. She is the voice of dissent in the novel when she decidesthat she no longer will be a doormat. Setting (2 lines, 5 points): This novel it set during the 1960’s and 1970’s in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). It occurs during the British rule over Africans. Please describe the mother/daughter relationship (5 lines, 25 points): The mother/daughter relationship reflects a need to retain your culture. Nyasha’smother leaves her culture and adopts a Western one and wants her kids to have the same. She wants Nyashato have the independence and freedom and at one point almost degenerates to being submissive but then remembers that it is not right. Tambu’s mother strongly enforces the idea of never forgetting your roots. She wants Tambu to be a provider but makesher realize that she cannot get too…
I decided to do my final paper on Violence and I am using the book Allah is not obliged by Ahmadou Kourouma. Allah is not obliged, which is about a 10 year old child soldier named Birahima, is the perfect story of a boy who seeks the wrong guidance. Birahima has recently just lost his mother and his father has been long dead and it now causes him to be an orphan. On his way to his aunts’ house, being led by Yocuba who is a thief and a con man, Birahima is forced to join a war and become a child soldier. Although Violence is the main theme that I am pursuing, I will also show how many young people will do very drastic things, even murder, just to feel as if they belong to some sort of group or organization. I will try to intertwine Birahima and his acts of violence to gangs and their acts of violence. I will also analyze and contrast the reasons behind Birahima’s acts of violence and the reasons gang members commit their acts of violence. Due to the neighborhood I live in as well, I was considering interviewing gang members I will ask them to share in detail with me why the perform the acts of violence they do. I will analyze this theme using a sociological point of view as well, showing how people who come from a lower class may decide to use violence as a source to gain more wealth. I will also analyze with violence, the mindset of Birahima that could allow such a young boy to commit such horrific crimes.…