Synaptic Cleft Research Paper

Synaptic Cleft Structure and Function
Elizabeth Moreno
Biochemistry at TMI

Abstract
A synaptic cleft is the space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter—called also synaptic gap (Merriam-Webster) . This paper will utilize this simple definition in order to understand the synaptic cleft. Furthermore, we will explore the complex functions and the structure of the synaptic cleft. This will then allow for an in depth analysis, at which point we will identify the role of the synaptic cleft and its significance. This will include both the electrical and chemical components involved in the functioning of the synaptic cleft. The synapse contains neurotransmitters, a presynaptic ending,
This can occur between one nerve cell and another, or it can take place between a nerve cell and a muscle cell. The region (synaptic cleft) found between the two cells, be it neuro-neuro or neuro-myo, is a fairly narrow space, averaging between 30mm and 50mm. This synaptic gap acts as a chemical mediator and must be utilized since direct electrical activity between the two cells is not possible. The process in which this occurs goes in the order as follows. First, there exists an action pulse. Once this pulse reaches the end of the cell (the terminals), a neurotransmitter, with the information that was being carried diffuses across the narrow space, binding itself to the receptors found in unique membranes of the receiving cell. The neurotransmitter, as a mediator, opens the channels of a number of ion species. This then leads to a resulting difference in the transmembrane potential. At this point, there exists two possible scenarios, one in which the membrane hyperpolarizes and one in which it depolarizes. This meaning that it is either an excitatory or an inhibitory postsynaptic