Synthesis Of Aspirin Lab Report
Synthesis of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
Abstract:
This experiment is about the synthesis of aspirin under laboratory conditions. Aspirin is prepared by reacting salicylic acid and acetic anhydride; in the presence of sulfuric acid. After fully dissolving the salicylic acid with acetic anhydride, the solution is cooled and cold water is then added. Once the crystals form they are then filtered and left to dry out. There mass is measured and recorded then the yield is calculated.
Introduction:
Purpose: The aim of this experiment is to synthesize the common pain killer aspirin through an esterification reaction between Salicylic Acid and Acetic Anhydride; using sulfuric acid as a catalyst (4).
Background:
Aspirin is one of the …show more content…
most widely used drugs in the world. The history of aspirin extends to the 5th century B.C., when Hippocrates, the Greek physician, used a powder extracted from ground willow bark to reduce fever and relive pain (2). Later, French Pharmacist Leroux, in 1829, discovered that salicin was the active ingredient in the bark of a willow tree (1). The human body converts salicin after its ingested to another chemical, salicylic acid (8).
Salicylic acid, however, irritates the mucous membranes of the mouth and esophagus. In large doses aspirin can cause gastrointestinal ulcers and ringing in the ears (1).
Aspirin was first synthesized by chemist Felix Hoffmann, and was first commercially produced by the German pharmaceutical company Bayer in 1897 (2).
Hoffmann noticed that the acidity of salicylic acid as the main cause for stomach irritation, and started searching for a lower acidic formula. His research led him to discover acetylsalicylic acid, a chemical compound that had the remedial properties of other salicylates and seemed to cause far less stomach irritations. Hoffmann was able to achieve this by variety of chemical reactions that substituted hydrogen from a phenolic hydroxyl group (OH) group with an acetyl group converting it to acetylsalicylic acid (2).
The new compound eased moderate pain, reduced fever and at higher dosages relived inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. Acetylsalicylic acid, nevertheless, in large doses can cause shortness of breath and increase heart rate (4).
Chemist Heinrich Dreser in 1899 gave acetylsalicylic acid the name aspirin. In 1897, however, Bayer thought that aspirin did not have much of future; they did not know the success aspirin would have (4). Today aspirin is listed on the World Health Organization list of essential drugs for basic health (15). Furthermore, approximately fifty over the counter medications have aspirin as their active ingredient (4).
The Experiment:
In this experiment, aspirin will be prepared using a similar method to the way it is industrially produced. In an esterification reaction, salicylic acid performing as an alcohol reacts with acetic anhydride, which acts as an acid to create an ester called acetylsalicylic acid; concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst (16).
(16)
C7H6O3 C4H6O3 C9H8O4 C2H4O2
Salicylic Acid Acetic Anhydride Acetyl Salicylic Acid Acetic Acid
Materials and equipment:
Materials
Equipment
80 ml acetic anhydride Beaker
0.5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid
Buchner Flask
50 g Salicylic Acid Spatula
750 ml cold water Buchner funnel
Hot water bath Erlenmeyer flask
Vacuum pump
Fume hood
Reagents:
Compound
Formula
Molecular Weight
Density (g/ml)
Salicylic Acid
C7H6O3
138.12
---
Acetic Anhydride
C4H6O3
102.09
1.0820
Acetyl Salicylic acid
C9H8O4
180.157
---
Acetic acid
C2H4O2
60.05
1.0492
Sulfuric Acid
H2SO4
98.079
1.84
Preparation of Aspirin:
1.
Weigh 50 grams of salicylic acid.
2. Measure 80 ml of acetic anhydride.
3. Transfer and mix the salicylic acid with acetic anhydride in an Erlenmeyer flask.
4. Add 0.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid.
5. Heat for 30 minutes at a temperature of 70o C, slowly stirring the mixture gently. Use the hot water bath under the fume hood, and insert a thermometer in the flask to monitor the temperature; make sure the temperature does not exceed 70o C.
6. Allow the flask to cool down to around 50o C.
7. Measure 750 ml of cold tap water.
8. Pour the cold water into the mixture.
9. Prepare a Buchner flask.
10. Insert the Buchner funnel into the flask; make sure the funnel is properly resting on the Buchner ring.
11. Place filter paper in the funnel.
12. Attach the vacuum pump to the flask.
13. Pour the contents of the mixture into the funnel.
14. Switch on the vacuum pump.
15. Transfer the crystals into a beaker, and let it dry.
16. Weigh the product.
17. Once the product is fully dry weigh it again, and record the measurement.
18. Prepare a capillary tube.
19. Take sample from the crystals using the capillary …show more content…
tube.
20. Insert the capillary tube in the melting point device, and record the melting point.
21. Calculate the yield.
Hazard and Risk analysis:
Demonstrate the material safety data sheet to the physician present.
Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Concentrated sulfuric acid is considered to be very dangerous and must be handled using protective gloves, clothes, eye protection and face protection. It is very corrosive and must be managed with extreme caution. Evade skin and cloth contact; wash with plenty of water if any spill over occurs. Concentrated sulfuric acid might be caustic with metals (10).
First aid measures (10):
1. In case of eye contact, concentrated sulfuric acid may cause eye damage. Wash carefully with water and contact a poison center or a doctor.
2. In case of skin contact, sulfuric acid may cause skin burns. Remove all clothes including shoes and refer to a doctor.
3. If ingested, do not encourage vomit. Wash mouth with water and consult a doctor.
4. If inhaled, move person to fresh air and provide artificial respiration if needed. Refer to a doctor.
Acetic anhydride:
Is considered to be an acute toxic chemical; however, it is flammable and corrosive. Avoid breathing any exhaust gases and conduct all transfers under the fume hood. Wear protective gear at all times (11).
First aid measures (11):
1. In case of skin contact, remove all clothes including shoes and refer to a doctor.
2. In case of eye contact wash with plenty of water for a minimum of fifteen minutes and refer to a doctor.
3. If inhaled, move person to fresh air and provide artificial respiration if needed. Refer to a doctor.
4. If ingested, do not encourage vomit. Wash mouth with water and consult a doctor.
Salicylic Acid:
Is considered to be an acute toxic chemical if orally ingested; it may also cause severe eye damage. Wear protective gloves, lab goggles, face protection, and lab coat (12).
First aid measures (12):
1. If in haled expose person to fresh air and if still not breathing provide artificial respiration.
2. In case of skin contact, consult a physician and rinse with soap and plenty of water.
3. In case of eye contact wash with plenty of water for a minimum of fifteen minutes and refer to a doctor.
4. If ingested refer to a doctor and wash mouth with water.
Acetylsalicylic acid:
Is considered to be an acute toxic chemical; it is not suitable for ingestion. Avoid inhaling any vapor as well as skin and eye contact as it may seriously irritate them. Manage all transfers under the fume hood. Wear safety gloves, goggles, and lab coat at all times (13).
First aid measures (13):
1. If in haled expose person to fresh air and if still not breathing provide artificial respiration.
2. If ingested refer to a physician.
3. In case of eye contact wash with plenty of water.
4. In case of skin contact, consult a physician and rinse with soap and plenty of water. Results and Calculations:
Results:
Beaker Weight: 132.217 g
Dry weight of aspirin: 178.846 grams
178.846 g – 132.217 g = 46.629 g
Melting point: 128oC – 132oC
Calculations:
Equation for the synthesis of Aspirin:
C4H6O3 + H2O -> 2C2H4O2
% Yield = x 100
1. Moles of reactants:
a. Salicylic Acid ( Molecular weight 138.121g/mol)
Moles of salicylic acid used = = 0.3620 mol
b. Acetic Anhydride (Density:1.08g/cm3; Molecular weight:102.09)
Moles of acetic anhydride used = 80 ml x x = 0.846 mol
2. Molar ratio of reactants:
Actual Molar Ratio = = 0.428
3. 0.3620 mols Salicylic Acid x x = 65.22 g aspirin
Since the ratio of salicylic acid to acetic anhydride is 1:1, and the molar ratio is 0.428 <1; the maximum of 65.22 g of acetylsalicylic acid can be produced in the reaction.
4. The experiment yielded 178.846 g of aspirin, the percentage yield is:
% Yield = x 100 = 71.5 %
The reaction yield is 71.5 %.
Melting Point:
Melting point of aspirin according to scientific literature: 138–140 ° C (5).
Melting point of aspirin recorded 128-132o C.
Since the measured value of the melting point is lower than the chemical literature value, the aspirin sample produced contains some impurities.
Discussion:
The purpose of this experiment was to synthetically prepare aspirin from an esterification reaction, using salicylic acid as an alcohol and acetic anhydride as an acid to produce an ester called Acetylsalicylic acid.
The reaction yield was 71.5 %, which means that the process used to manufacture aspirin was 71.5 % effective in synthesizing aspirin. The melting point, however, was 128-132o C, which is lower than that mentioned in the chemical literature (5). Such deviation indicates that the aspirin produced contained some organic impurities. This could be the result of using contaminated equipment or the sample was heated to fast. Further trials might have yielded a more accurate a result; nonetheless it was not possible to conduct another melting point trial due to the availability of melting point devices as well as time constrains. The aspirin sample used took approximately forty five minutes to start melting.
The solubility of aspirin in water, moreover, is a weak acid, which means the solution has a PH higher than seven.
The solubility of drug indicates how fast it can enter the blood stream after ingestion (5). The general trend is, nevertheless, solubility increase as the temperature rises. However, in the case of medicinal drugs, a variety of thermodynamic and kinetics factors affect the dissolution of the drug: such as the activation energy required to drug to overcome the energy barrier. Another factor is temperature, but since the average human body temperature is around 37o C it is not regarded as an issue in this case
(7).
Furthermore, the industrial procedure used for the manufacture of aspirin is different in many aspects to the process used for the synthesis of aspirin in laboratory. The biggest difference is the size of the reaction. Chemists are only interested in making a few grams of the substance. But industrial processes require the production in large quantities, which means kilograms of reactants in mixing tanks and storage containers. Another major difference is the financial cost of reactants and catalysts as well as the purity of final product. It is difficult to demonstrate the full process used in the industry through the scope of this report.
Nomenclature List:
Traditional Name
IUPAC ID
Aspirin
2-acetoxybenzoic acid
Salicylic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetyl Acetate
Name
Unit
Unit Symbol
Temperature
Degree Celsius oC Mass
Grams
g
Moles
moles mol Volume
Milliliters
ml
References:
1. Bergmann,K.-C. , J. Ring. (2002). History of allergy . Available: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dffSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=leroux+french+pharmacist&source=bl&ots=lyrTVH_6wz&sig=tGnBCdbUJrz_-H6n28-93HGSI38&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sAfnVIzTOoS4UYbPgtAL&ved=0CDEQ6AE. Last accessed 18th Feb 2015.
2. Connelly, Dawn . (26 SEP 2014). A history of aspirin. Available: http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/publications/previous-issues/cp-september-2014/a-history-of-aspirin/20066661.article. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
3. IPCS. (2012). 2-(ACETYLOXY)BENZOIC ACID . Available: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0822. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
4. George Mason University. Synthesis Of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid). Available: http://mason.gmu.edu/~jschorni/chem211lab/Chem%20211-212%20Aspirin.pdf. Last accessed 18th Feb 2015.
5. Lewis, David. (2003). Aspirin. Available: http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/000/045/Aspirin.pdf. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
6. NJIT. The Manufacture of Aspirin. Available: http://njcmr.njit.edu/distils/lab/aspirins/nap4.html. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
7. Reckitt Benckiser. (2012). Dissolution and solubility. Available: http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00000926/challenging-medicines-physiochemical-properties?cmpid=CMP00001236. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
8. Richard, Dominique . (2012). Embryonic Phytotherapy again proves its superiority.Available: http://www.epsce.com/userfiles/A%20Novel%20More%20Potent%20Salicin%20Content.pdf. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
9. Sittig, Marshall. (1988). PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING ENCYCLOPEDIA .Available: http://files.rushim.ru/books/lekarstva/pharmaceutical-encyclopedia.pdf. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
10. SIGMA-ALDRICH . (2015). SAFETY DATA SHEET. Available: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=GB&language=en&productNumber=339741&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F33974. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
11. SIGMA-ALDRICH. (2015). SAFETY DATA SHEET. Available: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=GB&language=en&productNumber=320102&brand=SIAL&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Fsial%2F320102%3Fla. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
12. SIGMA-ALDRICH. (2015). SAFETY DATA SHEET. Available: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=GB&language=en&productNumber=W398500&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2Fw398. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
13. SIGMA-ALDRICH. (2015). SAFETY DATA SHEET. Available: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=GB&language=en&productNumber=A5376&brand=SIGMA&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Fsigma%2Fa5376%3Fla. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
14. Weave and Host. (2014). SOLUBILITY. Available: http://www.citycollegiate.com/. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015
15. WHO. (2011). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2011/a95053_eng.pdf?ua=1. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
16. California State University.The Synthesis of Aspirin. Available: http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/consumer/aspirincons/aspirincons.htm. Last accessed 18th Feb 2015.
Abstract:
This experiment is about the synthesis of aspirin under laboratory conditions. Aspirin is prepared by reacting salicylic acid and acetic anhydride; in the presence of sulfuric acid. After fully dissolving the salicylic acid with acetic anhydride, the solution is cooled and cold water is then added. Once the crystals form they are then filtered and left to dry out. There mass is measured and recorded then the yield is calculated.
Introduction:
Purpose: The aim of this experiment is to synthesize the common pain killer aspirin through an esterification reaction between Salicylic Acid and Acetic Anhydride; using sulfuric acid as a catalyst (4).
Background:
Aspirin is one of the …show more content…
most widely used drugs in the world. The history of aspirin extends to the 5th century B.C., when Hippocrates, the Greek physician, used a powder extracted from ground willow bark to reduce fever and relive pain (2). Later, French Pharmacist Leroux, in 1829, discovered that salicin was the active ingredient in the bark of a willow tree (1). The human body converts salicin after its ingested to another chemical, salicylic acid (8).
Salicylic acid, however, irritates the mucous membranes of the mouth and esophagus. In large doses aspirin can cause gastrointestinal ulcers and ringing in the ears (1).
Aspirin was first synthesized by chemist Felix Hoffmann, and was first commercially produced by the German pharmaceutical company Bayer in 1897 (2).
Hoffmann noticed that the acidity of salicylic acid as the main cause for stomach irritation, and started searching for a lower acidic formula. His research led him to discover acetylsalicylic acid, a chemical compound that had the remedial properties of other salicylates and seemed to cause far less stomach irritations. Hoffmann was able to achieve this by variety of chemical reactions that substituted hydrogen from a phenolic hydroxyl group (OH) group with an acetyl group converting it to acetylsalicylic acid (2).
The new compound eased moderate pain, reduced fever and at higher dosages relived inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. Acetylsalicylic acid, nevertheless, in large doses can cause shortness of breath and increase heart rate (4).
Chemist Heinrich Dreser in 1899 gave acetylsalicylic acid the name aspirin. In 1897, however, Bayer thought that aspirin did not have much of future; they did not know the success aspirin would have (4). Today aspirin is listed on the World Health Organization list of essential drugs for basic health (15). Furthermore, approximately fifty over the counter medications have aspirin as their active ingredient (4).
The Experiment:
In this experiment, aspirin will be prepared using a similar method to the way it is industrially produced. In an esterification reaction, salicylic acid performing as an alcohol reacts with acetic anhydride, which acts as an acid to create an ester called acetylsalicylic acid; concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst (16).
(16)
C7H6O3 C4H6O3 C9H8O4 C2H4O2
Salicylic Acid Acetic Anhydride Acetyl Salicylic Acid Acetic Acid
Materials and equipment:
Materials
Equipment
80 ml acetic anhydride Beaker
0.5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid
Buchner Flask
50 g Salicylic Acid Spatula
750 ml cold water Buchner funnel
Hot water bath Erlenmeyer flask
Vacuum pump
Fume hood
Reagents:
Compound
Formula
Molecular Weight
Density (g/ml)
Salicylic Acid
C7H6O3
138.12
---
Acetic Anhydride
C4H6O3
102.09
1.0820
Acetyl Salicylic acid
C9H8O4
180.157
---
Acetic acid
C2H4O2
60.05
1.0492
Sulfuric Acid
H2SO4
98.079
1.84
Preparation of Aspirin:
1.
Weigh 50 grams of salicylic acid.
2. Measure 80 ml of acetic anhydride.
3. Transfer and mix the salicylic acid with acetic anhydride in an Erlenmeyer flask.
4. Add 0.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid.
5. Heat for 30 minutes at a temperature of 70o C, slowly stirring the mixture gently. Use the hot water bath under the fume hood, and insert a thermometer in the flask to monitor the temperature; make sure the temperature does not exceed 70o C.
6. Allow the flask to cool down to around 50o C.
7. Measure 750 ml of cold tap water.
8. Pour the cold water into the mixture.
9. Prepare a Buchner flask.
10. Insert the Buchner funnel into the flask; make sure the funnel is properly resting on the Buchner ring.
11. Place filter paper in the funnel.
12. Attach the vacuum pump to the flask.
13. Pour the contents of the mixture into the funnel.
14. Switch on the vacuum pump.
15. Transfer the crystals into a beaker, and let it dry.
16. Weigh the product.
17. Once the product is fully dry weigh it again, and record the measurement.
18. Prepare a capillary tube.
19. Take sample from the crystals using the capillary …show more content…
tube.
20. Insert the capillary tube in the melting point device, and record the melting point.
21. Calculate the yield.
Hazard and Risk analysis:
Demonstrate the material safety data sheet to the physician present.
Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Concentrated sulfuric acid is considered to be very dangerous and must be handled using protective gloves, clothes, eye protection and face protection. It is very corrosive and must be managed with extreme caution. Evade skin and cloth contact; wash with plenty of water if any spill over occurs. Concentrated sulfuric acid might be caustic with metals (10).
First aid measures (10):
1. In case of eye contact, concentrated sulfuric acid may cause eye damage. Wash carefully with water and contact a poison center or a doctor.
2. In case of skin contact, sulfuric acid may cause skin burns. Remove all clothes including shoes and refer to a doctor.
3. If ingested, do not encourage vomit. Wash mouth with water and consult a doctor.
4. If inhaled, move person to fresh air and provide artificial respiration if needed. Refer to a doctor.
Acetic anhydride:
Is considered to be an acute toxic chemical; however, it is flammable and corrosive. Avoid breathing any exhaust gases and conduct all transfers under the fume hood. Wear protective gear at all times (11).
First aid measures (11):
1. In case of skin contact, remove all clothes including shoes and refer to a doctor.
2. In case of eye contact wash with plenty of water for a minimum of fifteen minutes and refer to a doctor.
3. If inhaled, move person to fresh air and provide artificial respiration if needed. Refer to a doctor.
4. If ingested, do not encourage vomit. Wash mouth with water and consult a doctor.
Salicylic Acid:
Is considered to be an acute toxic chemical if orally ingested; it may also cause severe eye damage. Wear protective gloves, lab goggles, face protection, and lab coat (12).
First aid measures (12):
1. If in haled expose person to fresh air and if still not breathing provide artificial respiration.
2. In case of skin contact, consult a physician and rinse with soap and plenty of water.
3. In case of eye contact wash with plenty of water for a minimum of fifteen minutes and refer to a doctor.
4. If ingested refer to a doctor and wash mouth with water.
Acetylsalicylic acid:
Is considered to be an acute toxic chemical; it is not suitable for ingestion. Avoid inhaling any vapor as well as skin and eye contact as it may seriously irritate them. Manage all transfers under the fume hood. Wear safety gloves, goggles, and lab coat at all times (13).
First aid measures (13):
1. If in haled expose person to fresh air and if still not breathing provide artificial respiration.
2. If ingested refer to a physician.
3. In case of eye contact wash with plenty of water.
4. In case of skin contact, consult a physician and rinse with soap and plenty of water. Results and Calculations:
Results:
Beaker Weight: 132.217 g
Dry weight of aspirin: 178.846 grams
178.846 g – 132.217 g = 46.629 g
Melting point: 128oC – 132oC
Calculations:
Equation for the synthesis of Aspirin:
C4H6O3 + H2O -> 2C2H4O2
% Yield = x 100
1. Moles of reactants:
a. Salicylic Acid ( Molecular weight 138.121g/mol)
Moles of salicylic acid used = = 0.3620 mol
b. Acetic Anhydride (Density:1.08g/cm3; Molecular weight:102.09)
Moles of acetic anhydride used = 80 ml x x = 0.846 mol
2. Molar ratio of reactants:
Actual Molar Ratio = = 0.428
3. 0.3620 mols Salicylic Acid x x = 65.22 g aspirin
Since the ratio of salicylic acid to acetic anhydride is 1:1, and the molar ratio is 0.428 <1; the maximum of 65.22 g of acetylsalicylic acid can be produced in the reaction.
4. The experiment yielded 178.846 g of aspirin, the percentage yield is:
% Yield = x 100 = 71.5 %
The reaction yield is 71.5 %.
Melting Point:
Melting point of aspirin according to scientific literature: 138–140 ° C (5).
Melting point of aspirin recorded 128-132o C.
Since the measured value of the melting point is lower than the chemical literature value, the aspirin sample produced contains some impurities.
Discussion:
The purpose of this experiment was to synthetically prepare aspirin from an esterification reaction, using salicylic acid as an alcohol and acetic anhydride as an acid to produce an ester called Acetylsalicylic acid.
The reaction yield was 71.5 %, which means that the process used to manufacture aspirin was 71.5 % effective in synthesizing aspirin. The melting point, however, was 128-132o C, which is lower than that mentioned in the chemical literature (5). Such deviation indicates that the aspirin produced contained some organic impurities. This could be the result of using contaminated equipment or the sample was heated to fast. Further trials might have yielded a more accurate a result; nonetheless it was not possible to conduct another melting point trial due to the availability of melting point devices as well as time constrains. The aspirin sample used took approximately forty five minutes to start melting.
The solubility of aspirin in water, moreover, is a weak acid, which means the solution has a PH higher than seven.
The solubility of drug indicates how fast it can enter the blood stream after ingestion (5). The general trend is, nevertheless, solubility increase as the temperature rises. However, in the case of medicinal drugs, a variety of thermodynamic and kinetics factors affect the dissolution of the drug: such as the activation energy required to drug to overcome the energy barrier. Another factor is temperature, but since the average human body temperature is around 37o C it is not regarded as an issue in this case
(7).
Furthermore, the industrial procedure used for the manufacture of aspirin is different in many aspects to the process used for the synthesis of aspirin in laboratory. The biggest difference is the size of the reaction. Chemists are only interested in making a few grams of the substance. But industrial processes require the production in large quantities, which means kilograms of reactants in mixing tanks and storage containers. Another major difference is the financial cost of reactants and catalysts as well as the purity of final product. It is difficult to demonstrate the full process used in the industry through the scope of this report.
Nomenclature List:
Traditional Name
IUPAC ID
Aspirin
2-acetoxybenzoic acid
Salicylic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetyl Acetate
Name
Unit
Unit Symbol
Temperature
Degree Celsius oC Mass
Grams
g
Moles
moles mol Volume
Milliliters
ml
References:
1. Bergmann,K.-C. , J. Ring. (2002). History of allergy . Available: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dffSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=leroux+french+pharmacist&source=bl&ots=lyrTVH_6wz&sig=tGnBCdbUJrz_-H6n28-93HGSI38&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sAfnVIzTOoS4UYbPgtAL&ved=0CDEQ6AE. Last accessed 18th Feb 2015.
2. Connelly, Dawn . (26 SEP 2014). A history of aspirin. Available: http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/publications/previous-issues/cp-september-2014/a-history-of-aspirin/20066661.article. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
3. IPCS. (2012). 2-(ACETYLOXY)BENZOIC ACID . Available: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0822. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
4. George Mason University. Synthesis Of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid). Available: http://mason.gmu.edu/~jschorni/chem211lab/Chem%20211-212%20Aspirin.pdf. Last accessed 18th Feb 2015.
5. Lewis, David. (2003). Aspirin. Available: http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/000/045/Aspirin.pdf. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
6. NJIT. The Manufacture of Aspirin. Available: http://njcmr.njit.edu/distils/lab/aspirins/nap4.html. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
7. Reckitt Benckiser. (2012). Dissolution and solubility. Available: http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00000926/challenging-medicines-physiochemical-properties?cmpid=CMP00001236. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
8. Richard, Dominique . (2012). Embryonic Phytotherapy again proves its superiority.Available: http://www.epsce.com/userfiles/A%20Novel%20More%20Potent%20Salicin%20Content.pdf. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
9. Sittig, Marshall. (1988). PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING ENCYCLOPEDIA .Available: http://files.rushim.ru/books/lekarstva/pharmaceutical-encyclopedia.pdf. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
10. SIGMA-ALDRICH . (2015). SAFETY DATA SHEET. Available: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=GB&language=en&productNumber=339741&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F33974. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
11. SIGMA-ALDRICH. (2015). SAFETY DATA SHEET. Available: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=GB&language=en&productNumber=320102&brand=SIAL&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Fsial%2F320102%3Fla. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.
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