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The region of South Asia underwent many changes and continuities that resulted in a heavily patriarchal and hierarchal social structure by 600 CE. Perhaps the biggest change in the society was the caste system brought about by Aryans from Europe. The invaders helped to develop the different statuses going from priests, to warriors, to merchants, to commoners, and the natives or untouchables at the bottom. Once people were born into their designated caste, it was basically impossible to stray from it. These different subdivisions were a result of commerce and religion. As trading became more vital, merchant and craftsmen classes grew and pushed their way onto the social scale below the warriors. Hinduism, also derived from the Aryan invaders, provided the highest social standing referred to as Brahmins or priests. The caste system grew to be more important to the people than the government's authority as it provided a strong political and social stability. The second largest faith practiced in India next to Hinduism was Buddhism. The religion grew in popularity due to its message of equality to men and women alike from all levels of society. This affected the gender roles as well as social structure although the overall patriarchy and hierarchy firmly remained. From the beginning of this era, women were viewed as inferior and little is done to change this idea through 600 CE. These women were not even entitled to own property, and the superiority of men is also shown through the emperors many wives. This is demonstrated further in the family structures of South Asia as they are always headed by the men, both young and old. Marriages were often arranged while the girls were at very young ages in order to ensure adequate dowry. Women were responsible for the nurturing of children, performance of petty chores, and any other tasks assigned by the husbands, fathers, and sons of the family. The men, on the other hand, were educated and not at all…
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Thesis: During the second-wave civilizations, women were originally restricted from doing things that most men did during this time period. At last, women were allowed to participate in many activities in society and all around and it finally was not that patriarchal dominated. Women were able to do many things and the influence and power ranged heavily in these societies. There were many roles that women had in society, the major two were housewives and the influence that they participated in. From this, we can infer that the roles of women defined their positions during the second-wave civilizations.…
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Women’s rights deteriorated after the Vedic period (1600-800 BCE). No one has been able to prove why this happened. Scholarly interest has focused on women’s exclusion from performing Hindu rituals, which was in effect by 500 BCE…Julia Leslie thinks that women’s exclusion resulted from intentional mistranslation of the Vedas by male scholars, as the rituals became more complicated and as the requirement for property ownership was more rigorously enforced at a time when women could not own property.…
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Both China and India, like most classical empires, were patriarchal societies which allowed women little to no independence. Women were inferior to men and were restricted to domestic lives as wives and mothers. Chinese women were forced to spend their days at home because of Confucian values which emphasized the importance of a wife’s obedience to her husband. Foot-binding emerged during China’s classical era and further confined women to the home. Yin and yang, the concept of contrasting forces in the world, also limited Chinese women’s opportunities because it described women as the weak counterpart to men. In India, women at first had some property rights and some families were even matrilineal. However, Hindu laws set more restrictions on women, especially on those in upper classes. For example, a wealthy woman would have to conduct the ritual of sati and cremate herself at her husband’s funeral. Indian women, similar to Chinese women, were confined to their homes, and they were forced to cover themselves from head to toe when they came out. The only exceptions to restrictions on women of the classical era were a Chinese woman being able to exercise authority as a mother-in-law and an Indian women gaining independence by becoming a Buddhist nun. While both empires had similar gender hierarchies, the differences in their social hierarchies are what set them apart.…
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Prompt: Gender is not sex: gender has to do with the roles and expectations commonly ascribed to men and women, and these can vary from one society to another. Write an essay that explores similarities and differences in gender norms in ancient Egypt, Rome, and India.…
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Kumar, R. (1993). The history of doing: An illustrated account of movements for women’s rights and feminism in India 1800-1990.…
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Women in ancient Rome and China were very different but quite similar as for as their treatment and roles were concerned. In both cultures they were under the protection of their fathers until they married. When they married they were to stay home and be wives, they were not formally educated and learned to manage their households. They were not allowed to disgrace their families in any way and were inferior to men from the moment of birth. Chinese women whether from a noble or a poor family could not escape oppression, but it was somewhat easier for the women from Noble families. (8) Comparing the women of Ancient Rome (750BC – AD500) and the women of China (350BC – AD600), from the roles they played in society to comparing their status to the status of a man in this era; a day in the life of a woman in these ancient times that was dominated by men.…
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Today women in India have far greater constitutional rights than before, but are still exploited in the society. A typical Hindu family or society is divided hierarchically, where women are always placed at the bottom. Goddess worship in Hindu society has not necessarily entailed women an equitable position in the society. Even the Hindu epics are evidence of this claim, and are supported by two major incidents.…
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The gender system of the Classical era in India is much like China. “In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent.” (Strayer) The female in India could never be on her own, her father rules her life as a child, her husband as a wife and if she has male children, she is less than her children if the husband ever dies. She must never be vain, show her face or her body, and woman of India is less than a person because of these rules.…
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Women were categorized by what they can provide for men, whether that is a functioning, fertile womb, the ability to cook and provide food to the family, or whatever else skill they had. Every individual caste was expected to accomplish their specific responsibilities; there were no opportunities outside that which was assigned to them. Each caste was, “branded as different from males and from other…
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Originating in India, Hinduism began to take form around 1500 b.c. with the arrival of the Indo-Aryans. “…The earliest scriptures of the Indo-Aryans, the Vedas, have been acknowledged for thousands of years to embody the primordial truths upon which Hinduism bases itself” (Hinduism; qtd. in Kessler 2009: 45). In the seventh and sixth century b.c. many Hindus unwilling to fully embrace the scriptures of the Vedas began meeting in camps known as Samanas. Through the sharing and discussion of philosophies and spiritual ideas, soon a new religious movement began to rise in India; today, we call this religion Buddhism. As stated earlier, these religions have had profound effects on their followers since their outset, but the impact can be seen most vividly in the effect they’ve had on their female population. On the surface of many scriptures it is clear that women are depicted as inferior to males and their opportunities within a community are heavily restricted. The effects of these scriptures and teachings can be seen when the history of women in Hindu and Buddhist regions are closely studied. This essay will examine the origin of these ancient religions, explain the negative portrayal of women in their beliefs and teachings, discuss why, and more importantly how, these portrayals…
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The roles of women through the customs of both Hinduism and Buddhism have been a pivotal part in achieving universalization between the orders. Some considered women as obstacles in their goals, while others worshipped them as goddesses. Within Hinduism’s quest for Moksha, and Buddhism’s quest to attain Nirvana, women were acting to gain equality as practitioners of their chosen religion. In a dominion primarily controlled by men, one must wonder how exactly women dealt with the limitations in their social circles, and what these limitations might be.…
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Life for women in Ancient India had several different aspects that were both positive and negative. Marriage was a negative area of life where women were perceived as minor; in most cases, women were not able to receive property. They would also get married at young ages because women were viewed as a liability to their family (Duiker and Spielvogel). The role of women in society was also quite minor compared to men who often had more responsibilities, such as working in fields. Positive aspects for women in Ancient India could be seen in both writings and sculptures or figurines. Though it seems that women were inferior to men, the Law of Manu expresses that the relationship between men and women should be one of respect. It was written that, to achieve dominance over men, women would use their…
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The status and role of women in classical Indian society. Ancient India was less than a sanctuary for women. Women were generally considered inferior to men. Ancient India was a patriarchal system where women were relegated to a subservient to men role in the society. This made them vulnerable to abuses by their spouses in their youth and under the control of their sons in their old age.…
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Women were given and treated as equals in ancient India. Women could even become prophets and students among the Brahmans (Priests). During the Vedic period the wives of men were in charge of household chores, and were the leaders over servants and siblings that were not wedded. Women also participated in many public gatherings. They were also allowed to have an education unlike many other cultures. Men were to respect their wives as if it was their mother. A wife was supposed to be a friend of her husband, not a slave to please him only when he wants. Women could become queens and rule the country, only if her husband died and her son was to young to rule. When ancient India entered into the Gupta period they lost a lot of respect and dignity. Men began to discriminate women, and the women lost all freedoms. For example, they were not allowed to go anywhere unless their husbands authorized them. Women were later thought only as a sexual temptation and if men think of them as a way to obtain happiness the end is not good. “The world is greatly troubled by women. They (viz. men) forsooth say, “These are the vessels (of happiness).” But this leads them to pain, to delusion, to death, to hell, to birth as hell-beings or brute beasts, the fool never knows the law (3)” (Milestone Documents, “Jain Sutras”). So at first women could obtain political power, they participated in the countries…
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