TECHNOLOGY AND CRM IN THE MILITARY
Literature Review: Technology and Crew Resource Management in the Military
ASCI 604
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Professor: Peter Hermes
Abstract
Crew Resource Management (CRM) has been defined as, “using all available resources-information, equipment, people-to achieve safe and efficient flight operations” (Helmreich & Fouhsee, pg 5). CRM has been in the military since the mid to late 1980s and has evolved just like in the civilian sector from only the cockpit to the whole crew concept (O 'Conner, Hahn, & Nullmeyer, pg 446). This evolution has also been based on the most current aviation technology and it has changed the crew makeup from a four person cockpit to a two person cockpit. Crew makeup can have more of an adverse affect on military crew than civilian crew based on the type of flying that the military accomplishes, for example performing a combat airdrop instead of flying from point “A” to point “B” in a no threat environment. Two pilots are asked to do what two pilots, a flight engineer, and a navigator used to do and still do on some military aircraft. The only change has been the technology that has been developed in order to cut out the engineer and the navigator due to budget cuts and funding on training these two additional crew members. From my experience flying in the Air Force, this really becomes an issue when you get away from the everyday simple missions like taking off and landing to the complex ones where those extra people make and break the success of the overall mission. The purpose of this paper will review how new aviation technology has changed the way the military has to view and implement CRM based on the specific crew component of each individual aircraft, and what might be done in future research to help train aircrews to use the new technology safely and efficiently. The information and discussed within the paper was gathered from literature that is closely related to the subject.
ASCI 604
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Professor: Peter Hermes
Abstract
Crew Resource Management (CRM) has been defined as, “using all available resources-information, equipment, people-to achieve safe and efficient flight operations” (Helmreich & Fouhsee, pg 5). CRM has been in the military since the mid to late 1980s and has evolved just like in the civilian sector from only the cockpit to the whole crew concept (O 'Conner, Hahn, & Nullmeyer, pg 446). This evolution has also been based on the most current aviation technology and it has changed the crew makeup from a four person cockpit to a two person cockpit. Crew makeup can have more of an adverse affect on military crew than civilian crew based on the type of flying that the military accomplishes, for example performing a combat airdrop instead of flying from point “A” to point “B” in a no threat environment. Two pilots are asked to do what two pilots, a flight engineer, and a navigator used to do and still do on some military aircraft. The only change has been the technology that has been developed in order to cut out the engineer and the navigator due to budget cuts and funding on training these two additional crew members. From my experience flying in the Air Force, this really becomes an issue when you get away from the everyday simple missions like taking off and landing to the complex ones where those extra people make and break the success of the overall mission. The purpose of this paper will review how new aviation technology has changed the way the military has to view and implement CRM based on the specific crew component of each individual aircraft, and what might be done in future research to help train aircrews to use the new technology safely and efficiently. The information and discussed within the paper was gathered from literature that is closely related to the subject.
References: O 'Conner, P, Hahn, R, & Nullmeyer, R (2010). The Military Perspective. In B. Kanki, R. Helmreich, & J. Anca Crew Resource Management (pp.445-466). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. Helmreich, R & Foushee, H (2010). Why CRM? The Empirical and Theoretical Bases of Human Factor Training. In B. Kanki, R. Helmreich, & J. Anca Crew Resource Management (pp.3-58). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. bariejr. (2011, December 11). C-130J Demo Paris 2011 _In Cockpit [video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-epxdQnFMw ziocody. (2009, May 13). Fat Albert Cockpit: Flight [video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9h_pD9wC_k NASA. (2003). The Glass Cockpit. News & Events, FS-2000-06-43LaRC. Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Glasscockpit.html Funk, K. & Lyall, B. (2003). Flight Deck Automation Issues. Retrieved from http://flightdeck.ie.orst.edu/FDAI/issues.html#objectives Department of the Air Force. (2004). Cockpit/Crew Resource Management. (AETC Publication No. F-V5A-A/B/C-CR-SG). Randolph AFB, TX: AETC Publishing Perkel, C. (1989, Feb 18). Heads-up display gets facts out front. Toronto Star. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/435872333? accountid=27203 Helmreich, R., Merritt, A., & Wilhelm, J. (). The Evolution of Crew Resource Management Training in Commercial Aviation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Texas, Austin.