Term Paper

CHRONOLOGY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES APPROXIMATE YEAR | INDIVIDUAL OR ETHNIC GROUPS | MAJOR MANAGERIAL CONTRIBUTION | 5000 BC | Sumerians | Established written records for both government and commercial use | 4000-2000 BC | Egyptians | Recognized need for forecasting, planning, organizing, and controlling. Employed inventory practices, sales ledgers, taxes, developed bureaucracy for agriculture and construction, i.e, pyramids; employed full-time administrators. | 4000 B.C | Hebrews | Exception principle, departmentation;Ten commandments; long-range planning, span of control. | 2000-1700 BC | Babylonians(Hammurabi) | Enforced law for conducting business, including standards for wages and obligations of contractors. Use of witnesses and writing for control; establishment of standards of wages; recognition that responsibilty responsibilty cannot be shifted. | 1600 | Egyptians | Centralization in organization | 1491 | Hebrew | During Exodus from Egypt,Jethro, father-in-law of Moses to delegate authorirty over the tribes of Israel along heirarchical lines.Concepts of organization, scalar principle, exeception principle. | 1100 | Chinese | Recognized need for organization, planning, directing, and controlling | 600 | Nebuchadnezzar | Production control and wage incentives | 500 | MenciusChineseSun Tzu | Recognized need for systems and standardsPrinciple of specialization recognizedRecognized need for planning, directing, and organizing. Sun Tzu’s Art of War recognizes the need for heirarchical organization communications, and staff planning | 500 | Greeks | Developed the work ethics. Began scientific method for problem solving. | 400 | SocratesXenophonCyrus | Enunciation of universality of managementRecognized management as a separate art.Records the first know description of the advantages of the division of labor when he describes an ancient Greek shoe factory.Recognized need for human relations. Use of motion stud, lay