Test Review

Bio 101 Review Sheet
Test #2 (Chapters 4 - 6)

Chapter 4
1. Definition of energy
2. Difference between potential and kinetic energy
a. Examples of each
3. Basic principles of first 2 laws of thermodynamics
4. Definition of metabolism
a. Understand 2 sides of this
5. Difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions
a. What is happening with energy
b. What types of reaction it is (building or breaking down molecules)
c. Process of creating ATP and breaking it down and how this relates to these 2 reactions
6. ATP acts as energy storage molecule
a. Where it stores this energy
7. Redox reactions (LEO says GER)
a. What oxidation is
b. What reduction is
8. What an enzyme is biologically
a. How an active site works
b. Negative feedback
b.i. Thermostat example
b.ii. Competitive
b.iii. Noncompetitive
c. Positive feedback
c.i. Examples of 2 types in humans
d. Why lactose intolerant people get sick when they eat dairy products
9. Why enzymes must be maintained in proper environments
10. Concentration gradients – how molecules move in environment
11. Difference between passive and active transport
12. 3 types of passive transport
a. Simple diffusion
a.i. Examples in humans
b. Osmosis
b.i. 3 types of environments cells can be in
b.i.1. Istonic
b.i.2. Hypotonic
b.i.3. Hypertonic
b.ii. What happens to animal cells in these 3 environments
c. Facilitated diffusion
c.i. Why these molecules need help
13. Active transport
a. Understand basics of sodium-potassuim pump
b. Where sodium goes vs where potassium goes
c. Why this requires energy
d. Important places in human body that require this pump
14. Difference between endo and exocytosis
a. 2 types of endocytosis
Chapter 5
15. Definition of what photosynthesis is
16. Know basic reactants and products of photosynthesis
17. What an autotroph is and does
18. 3 types of energy found in sunlight
a. Which type powers photosynthesis
19. Organelle where photosynthesis occurs
a. Main sites in chloroplast and what takes place where
a.i. Stroma
a.ii. Thylakoid membranes
20. Most abundant photosynthetic pigment
21. Understand reflection and absorption of colors
a. Color reflected is what color is not absorbed by item
22. 2 main stages of photosynthesis
a. Light dependent
b. Light independent
b.i. Where they occur
b.ii. Main features of each stage
23. Photosystems and what they each do
a. Difference between photosystem II and I
a.i. Why II is first in reaction
24. How ATP synthase works
a. Chemiosmotic phosphorylation
25. 3 main steps of Calvin cycle (light indepdent phase of photosythensis)
a. Carbon fixation
b. PGAL synthesis
c. RuBP
26. C3 plants
a. Fact that 95% of all plants are this type and use normal photosynthesis process for energy production
27. How CAM plants save water
a. Open stomata only at night to fix carbon
Chapter 6
28. Name of energy storage molecule (again!)
29. 3 ways to generate #29 in animal cell
30. 3 steps of cellular respiration
a. Order of steps
b. Basic concepts of each step
c. Where in cell each step occurs
d. Reactants and products overall
e. # of ATPs from each step
f. Which steps require oxygen and which do not
31. Organelle in cell where energy is produced in animals
32. Difference between substrate level phosphorylation and Chemiosmotic phosphorylation
a. Which step of cellular respiration uses which form of ATP generation
33. Basic idea of how cell uses lipids and proteins to harvest energy
34. How anaerobic respiration is different from aerobic
35. Main difference between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation
36. Which of 3 steps of cellular respiration is the oldest
37. Concept of endosymbiosis and 2 organelles it produced
38. 3 ways oxygen from photosynthesis changed the Earth