In Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backwards, the 19th century was a time full of war and poverty. Julian West was an aristocrat who noticed the gap between rich and poor. Although he could do anything to change that, he dwelled on the thought. Suffering from insomnia, West is put to sleep by a hypnotist one night, only to wake up over 100 years later in a Doctor’s room. Much to his dismay, the hypnotism kept him alive in a state where he did not age, allowing him to live that long. In the end, West woke up to realize that it was just a dream. During his dream he was in the 20th century where everyone had a high standard of living and individualism was…
Borrell’s article describes the study of chili peppers through the field studies of Joshua Tewksbury, an ecologist interested in finding the reason why chili peppers are spicy and if bugs can be blocked by chili peppers and in that way avoid fungus. This article is part of the Smithsonian online magazine. It lacks a reference list; however it makes references to similar studies such as Perry, Billing, Sherman, Nabhan, Bosland, Machnicki, Foley, Levey, Manchego and Carlo’s.…
In this essay, I will discuss James Rachels’ article “The Challenge of Cultural Relativism”, in which he criticizes the normative cultural relativism argument which is about how different cultures have different moral codes, thus there is no single truth to define “truth” or a correct set of moral codes because the idea of right or wrong varies within cultures. Firstly I am going to explain what the cultural relativism argument is about and then present my assessment of Rachels’ critique regarding this argument from careful…
important in developing future leaders. The purpose of this paper is to share our experiences with…
Many people are lead to adopt Ethical Relativism because they believe that it justifies their view that one ought to be tolerant of the different behavior of people in other cultures. However, Ethical Relativism does not really justify tolerance at all. All around the world, there are different types of cultures, which have different ethical values that will be correct according to their cultures. Nevertheless, some people might argue about different cultures that have different moral codes that they can not accept; examples: polygamy and infanticide. On the other hand, Ethical Relativism proposes that we can stop the criticism and be more tolerant with other cultures. To illustrate, we could no longer say that custom of other societies…
ARE THERE UNIVERSAL MORAL REQUIREMENTS AND IS SOME MORALS UNIVESRALLY KNOWN AS WRONG? CHALLENGES TO RELATIVISM…
Cultural relativism, as defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Is the thesis that a person’s culture strongly influences her modes of perception and thought” Most cultural relativists add to this definition saying that there is no standard of morality. This means that morality is relative to the particular society that one lives in. Prominent ethicist James Rachels has written against this view in his work titled The Challenge of Cultural Relativism. This paper will be focused on evaluating Rachels’ critique of cultural relativism, and whether it was right for him to endorse objective moral realism. Rachels defines this as “a standard that might be reasonably used in thinking about any social practice whatever. We may ask whether the practice promotes or hinders the welfare of people whose lives are affected by it.” That is the moral worth of an action is based upon how it contributes to the society from which it operates in.…
Ethical relativism is a concept in which most simple minded individuals adhere to. According to definition in the chapter, ethical relativism is the normative theory that what is right is what the culture or individual says is right. Shaw argues that it is not very plausible to say that ethical relativism is determined by what a person thinks is right and wrong. He gives reason that it “collapses the distinction between thinking something is right and it’s actually being right.” Ethical relativism may be justified occasionally. William H. Shaw examines ethical relativism by providing comprehensive examples on why relativism is a weak method in gaining morals.…
Moral Relativism is the thought that the moral beliefs held by individuals is influenced and dependent on the culture in which they live in considers tolerable. Hence, what is considered morally appropriate in a single society perhaps is perceived as immoral in a different society. In actuality they both maybe right as they have distinct creators resulting in different laws, diversity, and possibly religious views of each other. Ruth Benedict defends the theory of moral relativism in her article A Defense of Moral Relativism from The Journal of General Psychology. In contrast, William B. Irvine author of Confronting Relativism feels in a few swift examples people can be talked out of their views on moral…
are right and not all are wrong. In Relativism the idea that one’s beliefs and values are understood interns of one’s society, culture, or even one’s own individual values (Mosser, p.22).. There’s a possibility that some issues are wrong and some are right? In an article "Some Moral Minima," Lenn Goodman argues that there are certain things that are simply wrong like judging…
What one may believe is right and worthy in their own culture may seem taboo in another culture’s standards. This is because of the use of cultural relativism, which is the belief that something is good or wrong if and only if it is approved or disapproved in a given culture. Right and wrong values vary from society to society; therefore, there is no standard base to judge what is universally right or wrong between the different cultures. Because of this, societies may disagree about the morality of what is right and wrong. Gensler believes that if cultural relativism is true, then there are no right or wrong moral values within a culture’s belief, because objective truths can still exist.…
This premise of cultural relativism shows prefigure of moral relativism. Moral relativism can be generally grouped into three categories; (1) descriptive moral relativism, (2) normative moral relativism, and (3) meta-ethical moral relativism. Descriptive relativism, according to Frankena, is the idea ‘that the basic ethical beliefs of different people and societies are different and even conflicting’ [1973:109]. The second form of ethical relativism conceives the idea that ‘what is really right or good in the one case is not so in another. Such a normative principle seems to violate the requirements of consistency and universalization’[1973:109]. The last among the three reveals that ‘there is no objectively valid, rational way of justifying one against another; consequently, two conflicting basic…
A relativist cannot pass judgement but yet to be true to their name ‘relativist’ they would be practising ‘do not pass judgement’ thus they are preaching to others that they should not do something in order for others to follow relativism. This concludes that relativism is self – refuting because a concept of relativism has been broken in order to follow it. This could be seen as unfair because to put relativist morality into…
The article was very clear and left no room for grey areas but as history would show, and as it’s stated in the first chapter, “the view of ethical relativism regards values as determined by one’s own ethical standard, often those provided by one’s own culture and background. Rather than insisting that there are moral absolutes, moral claims must be interpreted in terms of how they reflect a person’s viewpoint; moral claims are then said to be “right in a given culture” or “wrong for a given society”. (Mosser, 2010)…
In “Volar” Judith Cofer, she portrays the problems faced by many immigrant families, such as problems with fitting in, homesickness and starting life from the beginning in America. The author shows the daughter’s, the mother’s, and the father’s secret desire through their dream.…