Texas Kickapoo Tribe
Michael J. Harris
Professor Charles Etheridge
English 5302
12 December, 2012
Native American Borderlands/ Kickapoo Indians For this resource essay we were to research a subject that is applicable to borderlands. Dr. Etheridge had suggested that I could utilize my first research subject, Native Americans on my second research project. He however, did suggest that I should narrow down my subject matter and focus on one particular aspect of, or tribe of Native Americans. Although there are never-ending volumes of subject matter dealing with the tribes of North American indigenous peoples, according to Mann in his text on library research, “Each method of searching is potentially applicable in any subject area . . . information that lies …show more content…
in a blind spot to any one method of searching, however, usually lies within the purview of one or more of the other means of inquiry” (262). Having a definite interest in the diversity of the Native American Indians, their individual languages, their resilience, as well as their tribal customs and habitats, I have determined that one area most fascinating to me pertaining to Native Americans has always been linguistics. At the time of Columbus’s arrival in the Americas there was well over one thousand distinct tongues and dialects of native peoples, with perhaps as many as two hundred and fifty in the continental United States alone. The arrival of European culture was not kind to the indigenous cultures of the Americas. The population of the native civilizations of the current territory of the United States fell from about 20 million to the present level of less than 2 million. Beyond the shrinking size of the ethnic populations, the languages have also suffered due to the prevalence of English among those of Native American ancestry. Most Native American languages have ceased to exist, or are spoken only by older speakers, with whom the language will die in the coming decades. Statistics officially released in the 2000 census stated there are only eight Native American languages that have a significant amount of fluent speakers (over 7500). While most First Nation/ Native American languages are endangered, Navajo is the dominant tongue with well over 150,000 speakers Presently, there are less than one hundred active, living Native American Languages in the United States, most have become extinct through the processes of assimilation since America’s inception and there are presently nine active language families that all indigenous languages are derived from. One of these families is Algic (Algonquin) of which many of the Native dialects are extinct. While researching the many paradigms of indigenous peoples and their relations to borderlands I found a very interesting tribe whose language is from the Algonquin family, the Kickapoo which is thought to be a corruption of a Shawnee word for "wanderers." Fiercely resistant to European cultures, the Kickapoo Indians never assimilated, preferring to continue relocating further south from their original Michigan-Wisconsin-Illinois homeland. Today, 3000 Kickapoo people live in three groups in the US--the Kickapoo tribes of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas--and one community in Coahuila, Mexico. The Texas Kickapoo tribe which will become my future area of research; inhabit a parcel of god-forsaken, government-granted land just south of Eagle Pass, Texas.
My investigative study will delve into the question of how these people have been dislocated and endangered, on the verge of extinction, without assimilation, and without their language ever being eliminated. While researching the Native American indigenous people and their borderland experiential relationships, once again, the MLA (Modern Language Association) website proved its value. The MLA Language Map is an interactive map, intended for use by students, teachers, and anyone interested in learning about the linguistic and cultural composition of the United States. The MLA website also has many other research tools including the Data Center for US Census information about numbers and ages of speakers of languages in a specific state, county, zip code, metropolitan area, town, or county subdivision or to view charts that illustrate the distribution by percentage of the languages in each state. One can also compare speakers of different languages by three age groups; 5–17, 18–64, and 65 and over, contrasting Americans who speak other languages by their ability to speak English. The MLA website is where I first became familiar with and interested in the Kickapoo tribe, particularly their Texas …show more content…
reservation. After narrowing my research down to the borderlands Kickapoo Nation, their migration, and their tongue, I began researching many databases and different research options. As Mann said in his text on library research in the chapter “Hidden Treasures,” government and web collections of documents are equivalent of tapping into Alaska’s north-shore oil reserves (204), so I began searching by way of the amazing EBSCOhost and found many great government documents pertaining to the Kickapoo Nation on LexisNexis. Both presidential and the House Committee on Indian Affairs-speeches, decisions, and hearings concerning the Native American Kickapoo tribe, dating back to President James Monroe in the early 19th century, as well as, President Benjamin Harrison in the late 19th century. Rising tensions between the regional tribes and the United States led to Tecumseh 's War in 1811, The Battle of Tippecanoe also in 1811. Kickapoo also served with the British forces against the United States in the War of 1812 and finally, the Black Hawk War of 1832. Unbeknownst to me, the Kickapoo have had a lengthy, although problematic relationship with the government of the United States. Revision Final/Portfolio: As aforementioned, my investigative study will look into the question of how the Kickapoo Nation as a people, have been dislocated and endangered, on the verge of extinction, without assimilation, and without their language ever being eliminated. An indigenous culture at least four hundred years old, the Kickapoos were present in America before the Europeans arrival to this continent. They were first noticed in the Great Lakes region of the United States by European explorers in 1640. How have these people driven almost to the verge of extinction, remained so resilient as not to be assimilated nor subjugated by the expansion of this great country? The Kickapoos deserve special recognition and if one adjective could characterize a tribe “unconquerable” would best fit these people. From the beginning, the Kickapoo distrusted Europeans. French traders rarely were allowed to visit their villages, and the Kickapoo refused to even listen to the Jesuits. In later years, British and Americans fared no better. Following the American conquest of the Ohio Valley, the tribal authority of the Kickapoo disintegrated. Relocated first to Missouri and then Kansas, small bands of Kickapoo scattered across the plains warning other tribes that the white man was coming. In Kansas, white settlement closed in on them once again during the 1850s, and rather than surrender or adapt, most chose to escape by moving to northern Mexico. Although many of the Mexican Kickapoo returned to the United States during the 1870s, relatively few have converted to Christianity. The traditional Drum (or Dream) religion has the most adherents, followed by Kanakuk (Kickapoo prophet) and the Native American Church. Of all the Kickapoo, the Mexican branch has remained the most traditional and generally has been reluctant to allow visits by outsiders. The American Kickapoo are similar in this regard. Most still speak the Kickapoo language, and they have one of the highest percentages of full-bloods of any tribe in the United States. It is not really documented when the Kickapoo first arrived in Texas. It is known that after the war of 1812, when the Americans fought the British—the Kickapoo sided with the British--two Kickapoo bands settled in Missouri. In 1833, most of them moved to Kansas and the rest of them came to Texas. The Kickapoo were granted land by the King of Spain in 1775. The land that they were granted was in the northern part of the Spanish Territory of Mexico. This part of Mexico later became Texas. Moving around was not new to the Kickapoo. The Kickapoo were forced to move many times by the government. Eventually, some of them settled in Oklahoma on a reservation. Others obtained land from the President of Mexico and lived there. After many years of hardship from droughts hurting their crops and poor hunting, the Mexican Kickapoo were forced to work as migrant workers in the United States. They finally applied for US citizenship and were federally recognized as the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas in 1983. The Kickapoo were given land just south of Eagle Pass, Texas. At first they had no houses and the land needed to be prepared for them. The Borderland Kickapoo migrate back and forth between the reservations or Trust Lands in Texas and Mexico attempting to maintain their customs and culture. They presently still seek to distance their people from the White man’s ways. The Kickapoo seem to have more freedom on their land in Mexico, The Mexican Kickapoo have remained in Coahuila since the 1940’s, and many have traditionally worked as migrant farm workers in the United States. Most have dual citizenship based on military passes issued in the late 1800s and commute regularly between their reservations in Mexico and Texas. The Texas First Nation Kickapoo have had many problems with the U.S. Government in the past several decades. These legal problems have been with numerous Federal entities, from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Administration for Native Americans, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, IRS, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, and unbelievably several more. These problems have consisted of everything from hunting and game laws to encroachment of their land, to revenue problems and licensing pertaining to their gambling casinos and alcohol, as well as, many other legal ramifications. While many of these proceedings are current, many of these rulings are based on outdated and unfair decisions from the 19th century. The Kickapoo are a hardy, robust people and just as most Native Americans have suffered much by the U.S. Government, they too are no different. The Federal Government still considers them to be a “thorn in their side.”
Works Cited
"Kickapoos kicked clear to Mexico." Graham Leader (TX) 06 July 2003: News Bank - Archives. Web.
Adams, Alice. "Kickapoo Traditional Tribe Of Texas School Ready!" Wind speaker 27.11 (2010)
Brandegee, Frank B. (1864-1924), and Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. "Hearings On Bill To Fulfill Treaty Stipulations With Kickapoo Indians." (1908): 36p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Browning, Orville H. (1806-1881), House Committee on Indian Affairs. "Statement On Kickapoo Indians Devastating Texas From Mexico." (1868): 6p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Cartwright, Wilburn. (1892-1979), and House Committee on Indian Affairs. "Restrictions On Lands Of Kickapoo Indians. 2 Pts." (1933): 5p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Garner, Kelsey. Geology major at Eastern Illinois University. "Kickapoo was a defiant tribe." Times-Courier (Charleston, IL) 22 Apr. 2003: NewsBank - Archives. Web.
Gibson, Arrell Morgan. Kickapoos : Lords Of The Middle Border. n.p.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. Harrison, Benjamin. (1833-1901), and House Committee on Indian Affairs. "Message Of President Transmitting Agreement With Kickapoo Indians." (1892): 18p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Hawk, Larry Echo. "Kickapoo Traditional Tribe Of Texas- First Amended Beer And Liquor Tax Ordinance." Federal Register 77.35 (2012): 10547-10551. Business Source Complete. Web.
Hernandez-Avila, Ines. "Relocations Upon Relocations: Home, Language, And Native.." American Indian Quarterly 19.4 (1995): 491. MasterFILE Premier. Web.
Herring, Joseph B. "Kenekuk, The Kickapoo Prophet: Acculturation Without Assimilation." American Indian Quarterly 9.3 (1985): 295-307. America: History & Life. Web.
"The Kickapoos." First Texans: Sixteen Tribes Of Native People & How They Lived (1995): 124. Texas Reference Center. Web.
Latorre, Felipe A., and Dolores L. Latorre. The Mexican Kickapoo Indians / By Felipe A. Latorre And Dolores L. Latorre ; Foreword By William Madsen. Austin : University of Texas Press, 1975. Bell Library. Web.
Mann, Thomas. The Oxford Guide to Library Research. New York: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
Marak, Andrae, and Laura Tuennerman. "Introduction: American Indians And The Borderlands Of The West." Journal Of The West 48.3 (2009): 9-11. Humanities Abstracts (H.W. Wilson). Web.
Monroe, James.
(1758-1831), Vandeventer C., and War Department of. "Treaties With Kickapoos And Chippewa’s." (1820): 7p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Reid, Jan. "The Forgotten People." Texas Monthly 25.2 (1997): 74. Texas Reference Center. Web. .Schurz, Carl. (1829-1906), and Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. "Removal Of Kickapoo Indians." (1878): 5p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Voorhis, Paul H. Kickapoo Vocabulary / Paul H. Voorhis. n.p.: Winnipeg, Man., Canada : Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, 1988., 1988. Harvard Library Bibliographic Dataset. Web.
White, Phillip M. The Kickapoo Indians, Their History And Culture : An Annotated Bibliography / Compiled By Phillip M. White. n.p.: Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1999. Print.
Wright, Bill, and E. John Gesick. The Texas Kickapoo : Keepers Of Tradition / Photography By Bill Wright ; Historical Essay By E. John Gesick, Jr. n.p.: El Paso, Tex. : Texas Western Press, 1996. Print.
Zappia, Natale A. "Indigenous Borderlands: Livestock, Captivity, And Power In The Far West." Pacific Historical Review 81.2 (2012): 193. MasterFILE Premier.
Web.
Michael J. Harris
Professor Charles Etheridge
English 5302
12 December, 2012
ENGL 5302 Class Reflection English 5302 Bibliography and Research is an awesome class that introduced me to my graduate studies in the fascinating, diverse field of English. I perceive this class as essential, not only as a core class but advantageous for all future class work, as well as, post graduate work in any profession one chooses. Although I did not seem to participate much by remaining quite throughout the semester, I actually learned a great deal more by attempting to control the tongue and being attentive. I also think you Dr. Etheridge, in addition to my classmates, could recognize my passion, my fearlessness to public speaking, and the seed of a vision I have began to cultivate. Or properly stated, the Lord has begun to develop within me. This was evidenced in my solo presentation, I am certain. Without any ulterior motive I assure you, one of the greatest factors for a successful and enjoyable class, besides being of personal interest is the undisputable fact of having a stupendous instructor. Dr Etheridge, a teacher who has the “gift” of teaching, evidenced by his passion and knowledge of all areas in the craft. I have not met many who have the ‘gift of gab” that possess intelligence as well. I thought I would never meet my match! He keeps the class both informative and appealing, usually ha! In all sincerity, and I know all would agree he makes learning, even what could otherwise be boring, pleasant. If you disagree, take a look at ratemyprofessor.com . One comment states “Can make any subject interesting,” another states, “The most difficult part of the class was I could not read his handwriting.” I agree! Maybe he should have been a medical doctor? Keep up the good work, sir. To me, some of the most interesting points in our class have been the depth of the research. I learned a great amount of workable knowledge in this area. Of course, in this age of technology the computer can be utilized and will result in just about any searchable subject of interest. Learning about so many databases that compliment all fields was extremely important and absorbing as well. Direct access is still necessary for focused examinations of contiguous, subject-related texts. However, there are many times when depth of searching is the main goal, not the range of searching. Serendipity is great in any situation, research is no exception. This was precisely the case for me with our journal previews. I started with an interest in language. Progressively, I have come upon a fortune of websites and databases that have been as Mann described “Tapping in to the Alaska oil reserves.” Leading me into a greater love and appreciation for Indigenous people and their language. This wealth of information has been my “serendipity” by way of helping me to obtain vision, for without a vision the people perish. I have most definitely found one of many enthralling subjects that is truly captivating and that being language. From this standpoint it looks pretty promising for my choice of tracts to be the rhetoric-comp/linguistics. I really love a vast collection of literature, however, language and persuasive speaking is very interesting to me. I had noticed several semesters ago before I was graduated with BA in psychology, I was taking English undergrad electives such as creative writing. I completed a research paper on the usajobs.com Pathways program (sent you and classmates info). They have positions for many English writers; however, I was interested in teaching English such as ESOL. The Bureau of Indian affairs caught my attention to teach Indians to speak, read, and write English. These positions start @ $48,000 yearly for English mastered degreed. Plus the Feds have around $15,000 worth of annual benefits that will add nicely to your salary. I am also interested in the grant writing you mentioned in class several times and believe you instruct one class on this subject. I think that there are multiple reasons that one publishes, however some of the most prominent are tenure, everybody wants and needs permanence in their occupational positions. Many college and university instructing openings are for adjunct professors and being published is a definite plus for obtaining a permanent opportunity. Recognition and competition are equally important. I think that Professor Sharon Kaye said it well, “Because the professional competition involved in peer review is what keeps us on our toes.” Peer review from your colleagues helps one improve through constructive criticism, much the same as an essay draft improves each time it is critiqued by a qualified editor. Publishing journal articles also are often tickets to academic jobs as they are seen as academic job qualifications. Research and publishing go hand to hand and lead to job qualifications and promotions as well. Earning tenure regularly involves satisfying some standard of research productivity which, in turn, regularly involves demonstration of publications. Research is another word for gathering information. Naturally, one can understand the necessity of medical research, finding the cure for cancer, however, there a many equally important reasons for and types of research. The more information we gather, the closer we get to our career target or our searchable goals. Research skills help us make our own decisions. As I mentioned earlier, serendipity is about the greatest, accidentally discovering something pleasant, valuable, or useful while researching for something else. Michael J. Harris
Professor Charles Etheridge
English 5302
12 December, 2012
Abstract
The Kickapoo Nation as a people, have been dislocated and endangered, on the verge of extinction, without assimilation, and without their language ever being eliminated. Although their population has consistently diminished, they have survived in spite of the massacres, discrimination, oppression, diseases, poverty, and misery inflicted on them principally by the colonial powers (Spain, Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States). Their refusal to partake of the White man’s ways and integrate has allowed this First Nation to once more, begin to thrive in their culture, customs, and language. This report reviews the Kickapoo First-Nation’s resilience despite the United States adopting strict policies aimed at assimilating its indigenous population.
Michael J. Harris
Professor Charles Etheridge
English 5302
12 December, 2012
Outline
The Kickapoo Nation as a people, have been dislocated and endangered, on the verge of extinction, without assimilation, and without their language ever being eliminated.
Introduction/Background.
Comprehensive history of the Kickapoo First Nation.
Kickapoo Religion, Custom, and Culture.
Kickapoo Location/ European conquest of America including Kickapoo/European relationships.
Kickapoo refusal to assimilate/including multiple migrations and dislocations
Thorough understanding of Kickapoo language, Native American language families, dialects and Sub-Nations. Detailed knowledge of Assimilation, Conquest, and Subjugation processes.
Population Decimation.
Multiplicity of U.S. Federal Governmental problems/ Treatment. Past/Present. Kickapoo relocations, Trust-Lands/Reservations. Past/ Current.
Kickapoo First Nation Constitution/Future Outlook
Professor Charles Etheridge
English 5302
12 December, 2012
Native American Borderlands/ Kickapoo Indians For this resource essay we were to research a subject that is applicable to borderlands. Dr. Etheridge had suggested that I could utilize my first research subject, Native Americans on my second research project. He however, did suggest that I should narrow down my subject matter and focus on one particular aspect of, or tribe of Native Americans. Although there are never-ending volumes of subject matter dealing with the tribes of North American indigenous peoples, according to Mann in his text on library research, “Each method of searching is potentially applicable in any subject area . . . information that lies …show more content…
in a blind spot to any one method of searching, however, usually lies within the purview of one or more of the other means of inquiry” (262). Having a definite interest in the diversity of the Native American Indians, their individual languages, their resilience, as well as their tribal customs and habitats, I have determined that one area most fascinating to me pertaining to Native Americans has always been linguistics. At the time of Columbus’s arrival in the Americas there was well over one thousand distinct tongues and dialects of native peoples, with perhaps as many as two hundred and fifty in the continental United States alone. The arrival of European culture was not kind to the indigenous cultures of the Americas. The population of the native civilizations of the current territory of the United States fell from about 20 million to the present level of less than 2 million. Beyond the shrinking size of the ethnic populations, the languages have also suffered due to the prevalence of English among those of Native American ancestry. Most Native American languages have ceased to exist, or are spoken only by older speakers, with whom the language will die in the coming decades. Statistics officially released in the 2000 census stated there are only eight Native American languages that have a significant amount of fluent speakers (over 7500). While most First Nation/ Native American languages are endangered, Navajo is the dominant tongue with well over 150,000 speakers Presently, there are less than one hundred active, living Native American Languages in the United States, most have become extinct through the processes of assimilation since America’s inception and there are presently nine active language families that all indigenous languages are derived from. One of these families is Algic (Algonquin) of which many of the Native dialects are extinct. While researching the many paradigms of indigenous peoples and their relations to borderlands I found a very interesting tribe whose language is from the Algonquin family, the Kickapoo which is thought to be a corruption of a Shawnee word for "wanderers." Fiercely resistant to European cultures, the Kickapoo Indians never assimilated, preferring to continue relocating further south from their original Michigan-Wisconsin-Illinois homeland. Today, 3000 Kickapoo people live in three groups in the US--the Kickapoo tribes of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas--and one community in Coahuila, Mexico. The Texas Kickapoo tribe which will become my future area of research; inhabit a parcel of god-forsaken, government-granted land just south of Eagle Pass, Texas.
My investigative study will delve into the question of how these people have been dislocated and endangered, on the verge of extinction, without assimilation, and without their language ever being eliminated. While researching the Native American indigenous people and their borderland experiential relationships, once again, the MLA (Modern Language Association) website proved its value. The MLA Language Map is an interactive map, intended for use by students, teachers, and anyone interested in learning about the linguistic and cultural composition of the United States. The MLA website also has many other research tools including the Data Center for US Census information about numbers and ages of speakers of languages in a specific state, county, zip code, metropolitan area, town, or county subdivision or to view charts that illustrate the distribution by percentage of the languages in each state. One can also compare speakers of different languages by three age groups; 5–17, 18–64, and 65 and over, contrasting Americans who speak other languages by their ability to speak English. The MLA website is where I first became familiar with and interested in the Kickapoo tribe, particularly their Texas …show more content…
reservation. After narrowing my research down to the borderlands Kickapoo Nation, their migration, and their tongue, I began researching many databases and different research options. As Mann said in his text on library research in the chapter “Hidden Treasures,” government and web collections of documents are equivalent of tapping into Alaska’s north-shore oil reserves (204), so I began searching by way of the amazing EBSCOhost and found many great government documents pertaining to the Kickapoo Nation on LexisNexis. Both presidential and the House Committee on Indian Affairs-speeches, decisions, and hearings concerning the Native American Kickapoo tribe, dating back to President James Monroe in the early 19th century, as well as, President Benjamin Harrison in the late 19th century. Rising tensions between the regional tribes and the United States led to Tecumseh 's War in 1811, The Battle of Tippecanoe also in 1811. Kickapoo also served with the British forces against the United States in the War of 1812 and finally, the Black Hawk War of 1832. Unbeknownst to me, the Kickapoo have had a lengthy, although problematic relationship with the government of the United States. Revision Final/Portfolio: As aforementioned, my investigative study will look into the question of how the Kickapoo Nation as a people, have been dislocated and endangered, on the verge of extinction, without assimilation, and without their language ever being eliminated. An indigenous culture at least four hundred years old, the Kickapoos were present in America before the Europeans arrival to this continent. They were first noticed in the Great Lakes region of the United States by European explorers in 1640. How have these people driven almost to the verge of extinction, remained so resilient as not to be assimilated nor subjugated by the expansion of this great country? The Kickapoos deserve special recognition and if one adjective could characterize a tribe “unconquerable” would best fit these people. From the beginning, the Kickapoo distrusted Europeans. French traders rarely were allowed to visit their villages, and the Kickapoo refused to even listen to the Jesuits. In later years, British and Americans fared no better. Following the American conquest of the Ohio Valley, the tribal authority of the Kickapoo disintegrated. Relocated first to Missouri and then Kansas, small bands of Kickapoo scattered across the plains warning other tribes that the white man was coming. In Kansas, white settlement closed in on them once again during the 1850s, and rather than surrender or adapt, most chose to escape by moving to northern Mexico. Although many of the Mexican Kickapoo returned to the United States during the 1870s, relatively few have converted to Christianity. The traditional Drum (or Dream) religion has the most adherents, followed by Kanakuk (Kickapoo prophet) and the Native American Church. Of all the Kickapoo, the Mexican branch has remained the most traditional and generally has been reluctant to allow visits by outsiders. The American Kickapoo are similar in this regard. Most still speak the Kickapoo language, and they have one of the highest percentages of full-bloods of any tribe in the United States. It is not really documented when the Kickapoo first arrived in Texas. It is known that after the war of 1812, when the Americans fought the British—the Kickapoo sided with the British--two Kickapoo bands settled in Missouri. In 1833, most of them moved to Kansas and the rest of them came to Texas. The Kickapoo were granted land by the King of Spain in 1775. The land that they were granted was in the northern part of the Spanish Territory of Mexico. This part of Mexico later became Texas. Moving around was not new to the Kickapoo. The Kickapoo were forced to move many times by the government. Eventually, some of them settled in Oklahoma on a reservation. Others obtained land from the President of Mexico and lived there. After many years of hardship from droughts hurting their crops and poor hunting, the Mexican Kickapoo were forced to work as migrant workers in the United States. They finally applied for US citizenship and were federally recognized as the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas in 1983. The Kickapoo were given land just south of Eagle Pass, Texas. At first they had no houses and the land needed to be prepared for them. The Borderland Kickapoo migrate back and forth between the reservations or Trust Lands in Texas and Mexico attempting to maintain their customs and culture. They presently still seek to distance their people from the White man’s ways. The Kickapoo seem to have more freedom on their land in Mexico, The Mexican Kickapoo have remained in Coahuila since the 1940’s, and many have traditionally worked as migrant farm workers in the United States. Most have dual citizenship based on military passes issued in the late 1800s and commute regularly between their reservations in Mexico and Texas. The Texas First Nation Kickapoo have had many problems with the U.S. Government in the past several decades. These legal problems have been with numerous Federal entities, from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Administration for Native Americans, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, IRS, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, and unbelievably several more. These problems have consisted of everything from hunting and game laws to encroachment of their land, to revenue problems and licensing pertaining to their gambling casinos and alcohol, as well as, many other legal ramifications. While many of these proceedings are current, many of these rulings are based on outdated and unfair decisions from the 19th century. The Kickapoo are a hardy, robust people and just as most Native Americans have suffered much by the U.S. Government, they too are no different. The Federal Government still considers them to be a “thorn in their side.”
Works Cited
"Kickapoos kicked clear to Mexico." Graham Leader (TX) 06 July 2003: News Bank - Archives. Web.
Adams, Alice. "Kickapoo Traditional Tribe Of Texas School Ready!" Wind speaker 27.11 (2010)
Brandegee, Frank B. (1864-1924), and Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. "Hearings On Bill To Fulfill Treaty Stipulations With Kickapoo Indians." (1908): 36p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Browning, Orville H. (1806-1881), House Committee on Indian Affairs. "Statement On Kickapoo Indians Devastating Texas From Mexico." (1868): 6p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Cartwright, Wilburn. (1892-1979), and House Committee on Indian Affairs. "Restrictions On Lands Of Kickapoo Indians. 2 Pts." (1933): 5p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Garner, Kelsey. Geology major at Eastern Illinois University. "Kickapoo was a defiant tribe." Times-Courier (Charleston, IL) 22 Apr. 2003: NewsBank - Archives. Web.
Gibson, Arrell Morgan. Kickapoos : Lords Of The Middle Border. n.p.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. Harrison, Benjamin. (1833-1901), and House Committee on Indian Affairs. "Message Of President Transmitting Agreement With Kickapoo Indians." (1892): 18p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Hawk, Larry Echo. "Kickapoo Traditional Tribe Of Texas- First Amended Beer And Liquor Tax Ordinance." Federal Register 77.35 (2012): 10547-10551. Business Source Complete. Web.
Hernandez-Avila, Ines. "Relocations Upon Relocations: Home, Language, And Native.." American Indian Quarterly 19.4 (1995): 491. MasterFILE Premier. Web.
Herring, Joseph B. "Kenekuk, The Kickapoo Prophet: Acculturation Without Assimilation." American Indian Quarterly 9.3 (1985): 295-307. America: History & Life. Web.
"The Kickapoos." First Texans: Sixteen Tribes Of Native People & How They Lived (1995): 124. Texas Reference Center. Web.
Latorre, Felipe A., and Dolores L. Latorre. The Mexican Kickapoo Indians / By Felipe A. Latorre And Dolores L. Latorre ; Foreword By William Madsen. Austin : University of Texas Press, 1975. Bell Library. Web.
Mann, Thomas. The Oxford Guide to Library Research. New York: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
Marak, Andrae, and Laura Tuennerman. "Introduction: American Indians And The Borderlands Of The West." Journal Of The West 48.3 (2009): 9-11. Humanities Abstracts (H.W. Wilson). Web.
Monroe, James.
(1758-1831), Vandeventer C., and War Department of. "Treaties With Kickapoos And Chippewa’s." (1820): 7p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Reid, Jan. "The Forgotten People." Texas Monthly 25.2 (1997): 74. Texas Reference Center. Web. .Schurz, Carl. (1829-1906), and Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. "Removal Of Kickapoo Indians." (1878): 5p. LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. Web.
Voorhis, Paul H. Kickapoo Vocabulary / Paul H. Voorhis. n.p.: Winnipeg, Man., Canada : Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, 1988., 1988. Harvard Library Bibliographic Dataset. Web.
White, Phillip M. The Kickapoo Indians, Their History And Culture : An Annotated Bibliography / Compiled By Phillip M. White. n.p.: Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1999. Print.
Wright, Bill, and E. John Gesick. The Texas Kickapoo : Keepers Of Tradition / Photography By Bill Wright ; Historical Essay By E. John Gesick, Jr. n.p.: El Paso, Tex. : Texas Western Press, 1996. Print.
Zappia, Natale A. "Indigenous Borderlands: Livestock, Captivity, And Power In The Far West." Pacific Historical Review 81.2 (2012): 193. MasterFILE Premier.
Web.
Michael J. Harris
Professor Charles Etheridge
English 5302
12 December, 2012
ENGL 5302 Class Reflection English 5302 Bibliography and Research is an awesome class that introduced me to my graduate studies in the fascinating, diverse field of English. I perceive this class as essential, not only as a core class but advantageous for all future class work, as well as, post graduate work in any profession one chooses. Although I did not seem to participate much by remaining quite throughout the semester, I actually learned a great deal more by attempting to control the tongue and being attentive. I also think you Dr. Etheridge, in addition to my classmates, could recognize my passion, my fearlessness to public speaking, and the seed of a vision I have began to cultivate. Or properly stated, the Lord has begun to develop within me. This was evidenced in my solo presentation, I am certain. Without any ulterior motive I assure you, one of the greatest factors for a successful and enjoyable class, besides being of personal interest is the undisputable fact of having a stupendous instructor. Dr Etheridge, a teacher who has the “gift” of teaching, evidenced by his passion and knowledge of all areas in the craft. I have not met many who have the ‘gift of gab” that possess intelligence as well. I thought I would never meet my match! He keeps the class both informative and appealing, usually ha! In all sincerity, and I know all would agree he makes learning, even what could otherwise be boring, pleasant. If you disagree, take a look at ratemyprofessor.com . One comment states “Can make any subject interesting,” another states, “The most difficult part of the class was I could not read his handwriting.” I agree! Maybe he should have been a medical doctor? Keep up the good work, sir. To me, some of the most interesting points in our class have been the depth of the research. I learned a great amount of workable knowledge in this area. Of course, in this age of technology the computer can be utilized and will result in just about any searchable subject of interest. Learning about so many databases that compliment all fields was extremely important and absorbing as well. Direct access is still necessary for focused examinations of contiguous, subject-related texts. However, there are many times when depth of searching is the main goal, not the range of searching. Serendipity is great in any situation, research is no exception. This was precisely the case for me with our journal previews. I started with an interest in language. Progressively, I have come upon a fortune of websites and databases that have been as Mann described “Tapping in to the Alaska oil reserves.” Leading me into a greater love and appreciation for Indigenous people and their language. This wealth of information has been my “serendipity” by way of helping me to obtain vision, for without a vision the people perish. I have most definitely found one of many enthralling subjects that is truly captivating and that being language. From this standpoint it looks pretty promising for my choice of tracts to be the rhetoric-comp/linguistics. I really love a vast collection of literature, however, language and persuasive speaking is very interesting to me. I had noticed several semesters ago before I was graduated with BA in psychology, I was taking English undergrad electives such as creative writing. I completed a research paper on the usajobs.com Pathways program (sent you and classmates info). They have positions for many English writers; however, I was interested in teaching English such as ESOL. The Bureau of Indian affairs caught my attention to teach Indians to speak, read, and write English. These positions start @ $48,000 yearly for English mastered degreed. Plus the Feds have around $15,000 worth of annual benefits that will add nicely to your salary. I am also interested in the grant writing you mentioned in class several times and believe you instruct one class on this subject. I think that there are multiple reasons that one publishes, however some of the most prominent are tenure, everybody wants and needs permanence in their occupational positions. Many college and university instructing openings are for adjunct professors and being published is a definite plus for obtaining a permanent opportunity. Recognition and competition are equally important. I think that Professor Sharon Kaye said it well, “Because the professional competition involved in peer review is what keeps us on our toes.” Peer review from your colleagues helps one improve through constructive criticism, much the same as an essay draft improves each time it is critiqued by a qualified editor. Publishing journal articles also are often tickets to academic jobs as they are seen as academic job qualifications. Research and publishing go hand to hand and lead to job qualifications and promotions as well. Earning tenure regularly involves satisfying some standard of research productivity which, in turn, regularly involves demonstration of publications. Research is another word for gathering information. Naturally, one can understand the necessity of medical research, finding the cure for cancer, however, there a many equally important reasons for and types of research. The more information we gather, the closer we get to our career target or our searchable goals. Research skills help us make our own decisions. As I mentioned earlier, serendipity is about the greatest, accidentally discovering something pleasant, valuable, or useful while researching for something else. Michael J. Harris
Professor Charles Etheridge
English 5302
12 December, 2012
Abstract
The Kickapoo Nation as a people, have been dislocated and endangered, on the verge of extinction, without assimilation, and without their language ever being eliminated. Although their population has consistently diminished, they have survived in spite of the massacres, discrimination, oppression, diseases, poverty, and misery inflicted on them principally by the colonial powers (Spain, Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States). Their refusal to partake of the White man’s ways and integrate has allowed this First Nation to once more, begin to thrive in their culture, customs, and language. This report reviews the Kickapoo First-Nation’s resilience despite the United States adopting strict policies aimed at assimilating its indigenous population.
Michael J. Harris
Professor Charles Etheridge
English 5302
12 December, 2012
Outline
The Kickapoo Nation as a people, have been dislocated and endangered, on the verge of extinction, without assimilation, and without their language ever being eliminated.
Introduction/Background.
Comprehensive history of the Kickapoo First Nation.
Kickapoo Religion, Custom, and Culture.
Kickapoo Location/ European conquest of America including Kickapoo/European relationships.
Kickapoo refusal to assimilate/including multiple migrations and dislocations
Thorough understanding of Kickapoo language, Native American language families, dialects and Sub-Nations. Detailed knowledge of Assimilation, Conquest, and Subjugation processes.
Population Decimation.
Multiplicity of U.S. Federal Governmental problems/ Treatment. Past/Present. Kickapoo relocations, Trust-Lands/Reservations. Past/ Current.
Kickapoo First Nation Constitution/Future Outlook