Industrial Revolution
Economic, Social, Political & Intellectual Changes –
Economic: New innovations result in increase in production of goods, and trade. New ways of organizing human labor = increase in productivity.
Changed the way banks and stock exchanges operated
Brought a new understanding of economics
Social: Transformed the way people made a living.
Made new middle class – “working class”
Changes in family lifestyle and leisure activities by new urban conditions.
Urban centers (London & Paris) grow with people migrating from countryside.
Resulting in urban slums, urban poverty and a spike in the crime wave.
Political: Women insist they start being treated as equals.
John Stewart Mills wrote “women must have freedom for society to progress.”
Upward spike in women’s literacy
Working class men and women gained right to vote by 1918
By 1921, all women over 21 have right to vote
Emergence of unified states of Germany and Italy in Europe.
Intellectual: Marx saw society through the lenses of a class struggle, a struggle between bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Preached changed was only possible through revolution which would establish a new social order. His ideas had a significant impact on Europe and the rest of the world.
Nietzsche was a German philosopher who questioned the emphasis on reason.
“God is dead,” challenged received wisdom of Christianity. Believed people could only find meaning and purpose through the exertion of the human spirit.
Nazi’s used some of his ideas.
Charles Darwin was not the first to propose evolution, but the first to propose how it worked (natural selection). He evolved his theory based on his observations in nature. Human beings were the result of evolution. Lead to a commode ration of ideas called social Darwinism.
Why the Industrial Revolution started in Britain – * Resources: Large supply of coal to power steam engines and plenty of iron to build machinery * New Technology: Plenty of skilled mechanics were able to produce practical inventions that paved the way for industrialization * Economic Conditions: Oversea colonies and their vast empire allowed them to accumulate the capital necessary * Large growth in population at the time, leading to expansion & need for more product * Britain not opposed to “new money”
German & Italian Unification Comparison
Similarities
- common culture and language
- many different states, some under foreign rule
- one leading nation that promotes unification (Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy, Kingdom of Prussia in Germany)
- oddily, this leading nations are both off the main cultural centres
- secret societies that promote unification
- succesful wars against foreign powers (Sardinia vs Austria, Prussia vs France and Austria)
Differences
- in Italy, creation of a unitary state; in Germany, all the states are left in existence, keeping some sovereignity, but accept the king of Prussia as emperor - unitary state only in 1918
- Italian unification supported by France (in part) and Great Britain; German unification adversed by France and Great Britain
Study SOCIAL DARWINISM worksheet
Terms
Imperialism - A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Social Darwinism - ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of Darwinism or of evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones.
Karl Marx - was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for the current understanding of labor and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867–1894).
Fredrick Nietzsche - A nineteenth-century German thinker. Nietzsche, who asserted that “God is dead,” was passionately opposed to Christianity. He developed the concept of the Superman, or “Overman” a superior human being, not bound by conventional notions of right and wrong.
Giuseppe Garibaldi - Italian general and nationalist who led 1,000 volunteers in the capture of Sicily and Naples (1860). His conquest led to the formation of the kingdom of Italy (1861).
Count Bismarck - German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united
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