The Amusing Girls In The Crucible
Theories of the accusing girls in the crucible by ARTHUR MILLER
by truc huynh professor: heidi kozlowski english 1b july 28, 2011
Truc Huynh
Professor Heidi Kozlowski
English 1B
29 July 2011
The Theories of the Accusing Girls in The Crucible The Crucible by Arthur Miller, which was first performed at Martin Beck Theater on January 22, 1953, is one of the excellent dramas in the 20th century. From the experiences, political and social cognizance and historical fact, Miller have built an immortal drama which reflected the wrong concepts in the supernatural power of devil, criticized the political monopolization of McCarthyism in 1950s. Based on the historical event of Salem Witchcraft Trials 1692, Miller modified and set off each …show more content…
character in the play to attract the readers to his goals in the play.
Reading The Crucible, we do discover “the essential nature of one of the strangest and most awful chapters in human history” as what he mentioned in the preface of the book. We can say that The Crucible is an impressive drama with the framework from the events of the real people in the tragedy of The Witch Trials 1692.
The Crucible is a four-act drama about the fabulous events happened in the Salem of Massachusetts during 1692 and 1693 when Puritan controlled the lives of villagers. Enjoying with Tituba’s ability of fortune prediction, Abigail William, Betty and many adolescent girls secretly gathered and did the conjuring tricks in the wood. They danced, drank the chicken blood and called their lovers’ names. According to the Puritans in 1692, these actions were accompanied with the witchcraft and could lead these girls to the death sentence. The sudden appearance of Mr. Parris, Betty’s father, on the dancing night created the tragedies of the play. Frightening caused inert and hysteric symptom for Betty, a ten-year-old girl. The
villagers blamed for the witch. A series of interrogations were done to find the traces of witch from the adolescent girls. In the fear of death sentences, these innocent girls planned to deceive the villagers by accusing the other people of involving in devil. During the investigation by a well-known man in witchcraft, Reverend Hale, many secrets was revealed and created the dramatic of the play. The affair between Abigail William and John Proctor, the lying confession of girls, the personal selfishness of each character, and the blindly bindings of villagers on supernatural power created the chaos in the village. Outstanding among these villagers is the farmer John Proctor who struggled and sacrificed for the truth. The play ended with the death of a tortured man, nineteen hanging and many jailed people. This is a true story and the plot was based on the actions of the girls in the play. Understanding the historical background of The Crucible, there are three possible theories to explain the girls’ hysteric behaviors: the sexual demand flaring up in a repressed society, the jealousy in love, and the consequence of an unjust society.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In 1692, Puritan was so popular and powerful in Salem, Massachusetts. The children in this time should behave under the strict control of adults. They should do house chores, attend church services and repress individual opinions or emotion. The show of emotion such as excitement, fear, anger was discouraged while playing games, dancing and disobedience were strictly prohibited. The terms of “witchcraft” or “witch-hunt” was spread out and considered as the enemy of Puritans in Salem 1692. The illness people with strange symptoms would be considered as witch-afflicted and hung to dead. The Salem Witchcraft Trials 1692 was a terrible case in American history. The case finished with nineteen people died of hanging, one person died of torture and hundreds of people imprisoned.
Arthur Miller based on the true story of victims in The Witchcraft Trial 1692 to build The Crucible. The characters in his play were modified to create the logic in gaining Miller’s goals in the play. The girls in the play were the crucial factors to form the tragedy of the play. Among them, Abigail, Tituba and Mary Warren were typical characters who successfully delivered the Miller’s goals to us.
Outstanding is Abigail William, an antagonist, who was modified differently from the historical event. According to Yost, the historical Abigail was eleven years old and got strange symptom at the same time with Betty. They were supposed to be influenced by witchcraft. The purpose for Abigail’s accusations was not clear, but some historians explained that it was her reactions to the repress of motions and activities. “Young girl in Puritan society did not receive much consideration and perhaps Abigail, displaced from her immediate family, craved this unusual attention and authority over adult” (Yost). In contrast, Abigail in “The Crucible” acted intentionally to achieve her desires with her selfishness and dishonesty. Her age was raised to seventeen to have enough seducement in an affair with John Proctor, and create the tragedy of the play. In “The Crucible”, Miller has created a sensitive and intrigue Abigail to criticize the blindly binding of people on the unreal hypothesis. It is possible to say that the Abigail took advantages from the superstition of villagers on witches to rule the lives of other villagers and gained her ambitions. However, Miller setup Abigail into the trap that she established. The one that she planned to kill, Elizabeth, was not sentenced, but the one that she planned to live with, Proctor, was hung. In short, Miller changed a foolish historical Abigail to a wise and cunning fiction Abigail to criticize the Puritans’ superstitions in 1692.
Different from Abigail, Tituba in history and fiction is similar in the actions and the roles. She was the first accusing girl who created the suspension and sequential investigations in witchcraft. This is also the reason why she was named as “The Black Witch of Salem”. In history, she was an Indian America slave and her information was not much from her case in 1692. “Tituba did not confess to the teaching of fortune telling; she confessed to signing the Devil 's book, flying in the air upon a pole, seeing a cats wolves, birds, and dogs, and pinching or choking some of the "afflicted" girls” (Barillari). In “The Crucible”, Tituba was added details to fuse what Miller wanted to delivery to readers. She was a forty-year-old Negro slave and got the habits which related to the magic of witchcraft. The fiction Tituba liked to make the magic trick, tell fortune, sing Barbados songs, and drink the chicken blood because Miller wanted to build a Tituba that have a deep influence on the young girls. The selfishness and dishonest of Tituba in the bewitched issue was the consequence of a depressed society.
The most complicated girl is Mary Warren. Miller changed her age from twenty to seventeen years old to emphasize her innocent in accusing other people for saving her life. Because she was so young, her confession in the court was also changeable. According to Kirk, the historical Mary was an orphan and serviced for John Proctor. During time in the court, Mary usually fell into fits. She had made two different statements in the court that people noted: “Both of these statements suggest that either Warren was mentally unstable or that she and the accusers were participating in concocted lies” (Kirk). In The Crucible, she was partly influenced by John Proctor in efforts to prove the lies in other girls and her confession. She wanted to save other people lives, but she was too young and did not have enough strong to suffer the pressure from hysterias of other girls in the court. Her role ended with the death of other innocent ones and even John Proctor. She did imply the injustice of a repressed society in Salem 1692.
THEORIES OF THE ACCUSING GIRLS
The Salem Witch Trials was a crisis issue in American history. The experts in many fields such as historian, critics, and psychologies have researched the possible theories for the accusing girls’ behaviors.
The first possible theory is the sexual demand of adolescent girls in the depressed society flared up and caused the hysteria. Salem in 1692 was controlled by Church laws of Puritans that the girls must follow the strict law in behavior. In the story, Abigail, Marry Warren, Tituba and other young girls secretly gathered at night to join in prohibited actions: dancing and doing some practice to conjure the spirits of their lovers. The desires to love and be loved was nurtured inside them. Among these girls, the loved desire of Abigail was so vehement and got out the moral laws of Puritan. In the role of John’s servant, she seduced him and was pushed out of John’s house by Elizabeth. Her fierce love was showed up in the act one of The Crucible when John appeared to see Betty’s symptom. “Since Proctor’s entrance, Abigail has stood as though on tiptoe, absorbing his presence, wide-eyed. He glances at her, then goes to Betty on the bed” (Miller 21). When John denied her love, she said to John in desperation:
I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretense Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! And now you bid me tear the light out of my eyes? I will not, I cannot! You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet! (Miller 22)
The repression of Puritan laws on the adolescent girl could not stop them from loving desires and the sexual demand flared up and formed the hysteric symptom in accusing girls is possible. The critic Iska Alter wrote about The Crucible: “I would, however, like to remind the critics that what originally provokes the events of The Crucible is not a matter of principle or conscience but rather the experience of sexual desire translated by a repressive patriarchal establishment first into criminal behavior and then into acts of public rebellion” (Alter). It is clear that the sexual demand flares up in the young girl could be the motive to do the bigger goal which leads to the hysteria of young girls in The Crucible.
The next theory that explained for the hysteria of accusing girls is the jealousy. In The Crucible, the tragedy of the witch case almost was established by the perfect plan of Abigail. At first, she saved her life from the dancing night by accusing other people of being witches. When her love for John did not receive the feedback, she became wise and wicked in planning the revenge. She tried to stuck a two- inch-long needle into “the flesh of her belly” to blame for Elizabeth (Miller 71). Even she denied their affair in the court to save her life.
According to Dr. John H. Sklare in the article “The Consequence of Jealousy”:
It has the ability to do great harm and totally destroy a loving relationship between two people. At the heart of jealousy, however, is mistrust. Jealousy often arises out of one’s inability to trust another and its roots can be found in feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, low self-esteem, and fear. It also often leads to verbal and physical abuse, and is the leading cause of crimes of passion. In short, jealousy is a dangerous emotion if gone unchecked. Just like the iceberg, it can sink your relationship and create havoc in your world (Sklare).
It is obviously that the jealousy in love changed Abigail completely and could be cause of hysteria in accusing girls.
The most logical theory that can explain for the girls’ behaviors is the consequence of an unjust society. In 1692, Salem was controlled by Puritan laws. Dancing should be prohibited. However, the adolescent girls were attracted by the influence of Tituba and took a part in the dancing night to conjure the spirit of their lovers. They were seen by Reverend Parris and Betty fell into the hysteria. In the article “Are You Now or Were You Ever?” Arthur Miller wrote: “Anyone standing up in the Salem of 1692 and denying that witches existed would have faced immediate arrest, the hardest interrogation and possibly the rope.” The only way for these girls to live was their confession to have a witch in Salem and accused for other people. According to the article “Three Ways of Meeting Oppression” by Luther King, the girls chose the first way to face to the oppression of Puritan. It was “the acquiescence: the oppressed resign themselves to their doom. They tacitly adjust themselves to oppression and thereby become conditioned to it” (King). And in this way, the girl confessed the existence of witches and accused other people to save their life. The unjust society was the main reason that caused the hysteric symptom of the accusing girl.
CONCLUSION
The Crucible by Arthur Miller was am immortal drama because of its historical value. Many people died and jailed for the superstitious of Puritans in 1692, but they are still alive in the hearts of Americans. Even though, there are many theories to explain the hysteria of the accusing girls, the most logical reason is the consequence of an unjust society. Based on the true story of Salem 1692, Miller’s The Crucible published 1953 did reflect the political monopolization of McCarthyism in 1950s.
Works Cited
Alter, Iska. "Betrayal and Blessedness: Explorations of Feminine Power in The Crucible, A View from the Bridge, and After the Fall." Feminist Rereadings of Modern American Drama. Ed. June Schlueter. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989. 116-145. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Vol. 31. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 July 2011 <http://0-go.galegroup.com.library.sjeccd.edu/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CH1420082422&v=2.1&u=san61858&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w>.
Barillari, Alyssa. "Tituba." Spring 2002. N.pag. Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transription Project. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon-salem/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=salem/texts/bios.xml&style=salem/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=b28&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes>.
John, Sklare. "Consequence of Jealousy." Lifescript.com. July,23 2007. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www.lifescript.com/Soul/Self/Motivation/The_Consequences_of_Jealousy.aspx>.
King, Martin. "Three Way of Meeting Oppression." Gibbsmagazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www.gibbsmagazine.com/Ways%20to%20respond.htm>.
Kirk, Devan. "Mary Warren." Spring 2001. n. pag. Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project . Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon-salem/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=salem/texts/bios.xml&style=salem/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=b29&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes>.
Miller, Arthur. "Are You Now or Were You Ever?." N.p., June 17.2000. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=1&mode=form&reqsrcid=MLAWebDocument&more=yes&nameCnt=1>.
Miller, Arthur. The crucible: a play in four acts. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. Print.
Yost, Melissa. "Abigail William." Spring 2002. N. pag. Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transription Project. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon-salem/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=salem/texts/bios.xml&style=salem/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=b33&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes>.
by truc huynh professor: heidi kozlowski english 1b july 28, 2011
Truc Huynh
Professor Heidi Kozlowski
English 1B
29 July 2011
The Theories of the Accusing Girls in The Crucible The Crucible by Arthur Miller, which was first performed at Martin Beck Theater on January 22, 1953, is one of the excellent dramas in the 20th century. From the experiences, political and social cognizance and historical fact, Miller have built an immortal drama which reflected the wrong concepts in the supernatural power of devil, criticized the political monopolization of McCarthyism in 1950s. Based on the historical event of Salem Witchcraft Trials 1692, Miller modified and set off each …show more content…
character in the play to attract the readers to his goals in the play.
Reading The Crucible, we do discover “the essential nature of one of the strangest and most awful chapters in human history” as what he mentioned in the preface of the book. We can say that The Crucible is an impressive drama with the framework from the events of the real people in the tragedy of The Witch Trials 1692.
The Crucible is a four-act drama about the fabulous events happened in the Salem of Massachusetts during 1692 and 1693 when Puritan controlled the lives of villagers. Enjoying with Tituba’s ability of fortune prediction, Abigail William, Betty and many adolescent girls secretly gathered and did the conjuring tricks in the wood. They danced, drank the chicken blood and called their lovers’ names. According to the Puritans in 1692, these actions were accompanied with the witchcraft and could lead these girls to the death sentence. The sudden appearance of Mr. Parris, Betty’s father, on the dancing night created the tragedies of the play. Frightening caused inert and hysteric symptom for Betty, a ten-year-old girl. The
villagers blamed for the witch. A series of interrogations were done to find the traces of witch from the adolescent girls. In the fear of death sentences, these innocent girls planned to deceive the villagers by accusing the other people of involving in devil. During the investigation by a well-known man in witchcraft, Reverend Hale, many secrets was revealed and created the dramatic of the play. The affair between Abigail William and John Proctor, the lying confession of girls, the personal selfishness of each character, and the blindly bindings of villagers on supernatural power created the chaos in the village. Outstanding among these villagers is the farmer John Proctor who struggled and sacrificed for the truth. The play ended with the death of a tortured man, nineteen hanging and many jailed people. This is a true story and the plot was based on the actions of the girls in the play. Understanding the historical background of The Crucible, there are three possible theories to explain the girls’ hysteric behaviors: the sexual demand flaring up in a repressed society, the jealousy in love, and the consequence of an unjust society.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In 1692, Puritan was so popular and powerful in Salem, Massachusetts. The children in this time should behave under the strict control of adults. They should do house chores, attend church services and repress individual opinions or emotion. The show of emotion such as excitement, fear, anger was discouraged while playing games, dancing and disobedience were strictly prohibited. The terms of “witchcraft” or “witch-hunt” was spread out and considered as the enemy of Puritans in Salem 1692. The illness people with strange symptoms would be considered as witch-afflicted and hung to dead. The Salem Witchcraft Trials 1692 was a terrible case in American history. The case finished with nineteen people died of hanging, one person died of torture and hundreds of people imprisoned.
Arthur Miller based on the true story of victims in The Witchcraft Trial 1692 to build The Crucible. The characters in his play were modified to create the logic in gaining Miller’s goals in the play. The girls in the play were the crucial factors to form the tragedy of the play. Among them, Abigail, Tituba and Mary Warren were typical characters who successfully delivered the Miller’s goals to us.
Outstanding is Abigail William, an antagonist, who was modified differently from the historical event. According to Yost, the historical Abigail was eleven years old and got strange symptom at the same time with Betty. They were supposed to be influenced by witchcraft. The purpose for Abigail’s accusations was not clear, but some historians explained that it was her reactions to the repress of motions and activities. “Young girl in Puritan society did not receive much consideration and perhaps Abigail, displaced from her immediate family, craved this unusual attention and authority over adult” (Yost). In contrast, Abigail in “The Crucible” acted intentionally to achieve her desires with her selfishness and dishonesty. Her age was raised to seventeen to have enough seducement in an affair with John Proctor, and create the tragedy of the play. In “The Crucible”, Miller has created a sensitive and intrigue Abigail to criticize the blindly binding of people on the unreal hypothesis. It is possible to say that the Abigail took advantages from the superstition of villagers on witches to rule the lives of other villagers and gained her ambitions. However, Miller setup Abigail into the trap that she established. The one that she planned to kill, Elizabeth, was not sentenced, but the one that she planned to live with, Proctor, was hung. In short, Miller changed a foolish historical Abigail to a wise and cunning fiction Abigail to criticize the Puritans’ superstitions in 1692.
Different from Abigail, Tituba in history and fiction is similar in the actions and the roles. She was the first accusing girl who created the suspension and sequential investigations in witchcraft. This is also the reason why she was named as “The Black Witch of Salem”. In history, she was an Indian America slave and her information was not much from her case in 1692. “Tituba did not confess to the teaching of fortune telling; she confessed to signing the Devil 's book, flying in the air upon a pole, seeing a cats wolves, birds, and dogs, and pinching or choking some of the "afflicted" girls” (Barillari). In “The Crucible”, Tituba was added details to fuse what Miller wanted to delivery to readers. She was a forty-year-old Negro slave and got the habits which related to the magic of witchcraft. The fiction Tituba liked to make the magic trick, tell fortune, sing Barbados songs, and drink the chicken blood because Miller wanted to build a Tituba that have a deep influence on the young girls. The selfishness and dishonest of Tituba in the bewitched issue was the consequence of a depressed society.
The most complicated girl is Mary Warren. Miller changed her age from twenty to seventeen years old to emphasize her innocent in accusing other people for saving her life. Because she was so young, her confession in the court was also changeable. According to Kirk, the historical Mary was an orphan and serviced for John Proctor. During time in the court, Mary usually fell into fits. She had made two different statements in the court that people noted: “Both of these statements suggest that either Warren was mentally unstable or that she and the accusers were participating in concocted lies” (Kirk). In The Crucible, she was partly influenced by John Proctor in efforts to prove the lies in other girls and her confession. She wanted to save other people lives, but she was too young and did not have enough strong to suffer the pressure from hysterias of other girls in the court. Her role ended with the death of other innocent ones and even John Proctor. She did imply the injustice of a repressed society in Salem 1692.
THEORIES OF THE ACCUSING GIRLS
The Salem Witch Trials was a crisis issue in American history. The experts in many fields such as historian, critics, and psychologies have researched the possible theories for the accusing girls’ behaviors.
The first possible theory is the sexual demand of adolescent girls in the depressed society flared up and caused the hysteria. Salem in 1692 was controlled by Church laws of Puritans that the girls must follow the strict law in behavior. In the story, Abigail, Marry Warren, Tituba and other young girls secretly gathered at night to join in prohibited actions: dancing and doing some practice to conjure the spirits of their lovers. The desires to love and be loved was nurtured inside them. Among these girls, the loved desire of Abigail was so vehement and got out the moral laws of Puritan. In the role of John’s servant, she seduced him and was pushed out of John’s house by Elizabeth. Her fierce love was showed up in the act one of The Crucible when John appeared to see Betty’s symptom. “Since Proctor’s entrance, Abigail has stood as though on tiptoe, absorbing his presence, wide-eyed. He glances at her, then goes to Betty on the bed” (Miller 21). When John denied her love, she said to John in desperation:
I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretense Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! And now you bid me tear the light out of my eyes? I will not, I cannot! You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet! (Miller 22)
The repression of Puritan laws on the adolescent girl could not stop them from loving desires and the sexual demand flared up and formed the hysteric symptom in accusing girls is possible. The critic Iska Alter wrote about The Crucible: “I would, however, like to remind the critics that what originally provokes the events of The Crucible is not a matter of principle or conscience but rather the experience of sexual desire translated by a repressive patriarchal establishment first into criminal behavior and then into acts of public rebellion” (Alter). It is clear that the sexual demand flares up in the young girl could be the motive to do the bigger goal which leads to the hysteria of young girls in The Crucible.
The next theory that explained for the hysteria of accusing girls is the jealousy. In The Crucible, the tragedy of the witch case almost was established by the perfect plan of Abigail. At first, she saved her life from the dancing night by accusing other people of being witches. When her love for John did not receive the feedback, she became wise and wicked in planning the revenge. She tried to stuck a two- inch-long needle into “the flesh of her belly” to blame for Elizabeth (Miller 71). Even she denied their affair in the court to save her life.
According to Dr. John H. Sklare in the article “The Consequence of Jealousy”:
It has the ability to do great harm and totally destroy a loving relationship between two people. At the heart of jealousy, however, is mistrust. Jealousy often arises out of one’s inability to trust another and its roots can be found in feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, low self-esteem, and fear. It also often leads to verbal and physical abuse, and is the leading cause of crimes of passion. In short, jealousy is a dangerous emotion if gone unchecked. Just like the iceberg, it can sink your relationship and create havoc in your world (Sklare).
It is obviously that the jealousy in love changed Abigail completely and could be cause of hysteria in accusing girls.
The most logical theory that can explain for the girls’ behaviors is the consequence of an unjust society. In 1692, Salem was controlled by Puritan laws. Dancing should be prohibited. However, the adolescent girls were attracted by the influence of Tituba and took a part in the dancing night to conjure the spirit of their lovers. They were seen by Reverend Parris and Betty fell into the hysteria. In the article “Are You Now or Were You Ever?” Arthur Miller wrote: “Anyone standing up in the Salem of 1692 and denying that witches existed would have faced immediate arrest, the hardest interrogation and possibly the rope.” The only way for these girls to live was their confession to have a witch in Salem and accused for other people. According to the article “Three Ways of Meeting Oppression” by Luther King, the girls chose the first way to face to the oppression of Puritan. It was “the acquiescence: the oppressed resign themselves to their doom. They tacitly adjust themselves to oppression and thereby become conditioned to it” (King). And in this way, the girl confessed the existence of witches and accused other people to save their life. The unjust society was the main reason that caused the hysteric symptom of the accusing girl.
CONCLUSION
The Crucible by Arthur Miller was am immortal drama because of its historical value. Many people died and jailed for the superstitious of Puritans in 1692, but they are still alive in the hearts of Americans. Even though, there are many theories to explain the hysteria of the accusing girls, the most logical reason is the consequence of an unjust society. Based on the true story of Salem 1692, Miller’s The Crucible published 1953 did reflect the political monopolization of McCarthyism in 1950s.
Works Cited
Alter, Iska. "Betrayal and Blessedness: Explorations of Feminine Power in The Crucible, A View from the Bridge, and After the Fall." Feminist Rereadings of Modern American Drama. Ed. June Schlueter. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989. 116-145. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Vol. 31. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 July 2011 <http://0-go.galegroup.com.library.sjeccd.edu/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CH1420082422&v=2.1&u=san61858&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w>.
Barillari, Alyssa. "Tituba." Spring 2002. N.pag. Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transription Project. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon-salem/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=salem/texts/bios.xml&style=salem/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=b28&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes>.
John, Sklare. "Consequence of Jealousy." Lifescript.com. July,23 2007. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www.lifescript.com/Soul/Self/Motivation/The_Consequences_of_Jealousy.aspx>.
King, Martin. "Three Way of Meeting Oppression." Gibbsmagazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www.gibbsmagazine.com/Ways%20to%20respond.htm>.
Kirk, Devan. "Mary Warren." Spring 2001. n. pag. Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project . Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon-salem/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=salem/texts/bios.xml&style=salem/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=b29&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes>.
Miller, Arthur. "Are You Now or Were You Ever?." N.p., June 17.2000. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=1&mode=form&reqsrcid=MLAWebDocument&more=yes&nameCnt=1>.
Miller, Arthur. The crucible: a play in four acts. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. Print.
Yost, Melissa. "Abigail William." Spring 2002. N. pag. Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transription Project. Web. 29 Jul 2011. <http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon-salem/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=salem/texts/bios.xml&style=salem/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=b33&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes>.