The ant and the Grasshoper
3. The subsystem of English consonantal phonemes
Characterized with regards to:
1) The type of blockage the air stream must overcome
2) The contact of the articulatory organs
Criteria:
a) Place of articulation b) Manner of articulation
c) Acoustic impression d) Position of the soft palate
A) Place of articulation (place)
a. Bilabial – p, b w, m
b. Labio-dental – f, v
c. Dental – (th)
d. Alveoral – t, d, tš, dž, s, z, š, ž, n, l, r
e. Palatal – j
f. Velar – k, g, nasal: n
g. Glottal – h
B) The type of obstacle (manner)
a. Occlusives – formed by means of a closure – p, b, t, d, k , g (dotknu se…)
b. Constrictives – the obstacle in the form of narrowing – f, v, th, s, z, š, ž, h ,j, w
c. Semi-occlusives – the obstacle combines closure with narrowing – tš, dž
d. Semi-constrictives – m, n, nasal n
e. l and r sounds
C)
a. Plosives – plosion – p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, nosové n
b. Fricatives – friction – f, v, th, s, z, š, ž, h, l, r, j, w
c. Affricatives – plosion+friction – tš, dž
D)
a. Nasal consonant – m, n, nosové n
b. Oral consonant – the rest
Voiced – lenis – b, d, dž, g, v, th, z, ž, m, n, nasal n, h, l, r, w, j
Voiceless – fortis – p, t, tš, k, f, th, s, š
Vocalic quantity
Czech – absolute vocalic quantity
English – relative vocalic quantity, dependent on the surrounding environment
An important role played by the consonant following the vowel ( V C )
Voiceless C causes a comparative shortening of the preceding long V – beat
Voiced C does not change vocalic quantity of long Vs – bead
Voiceless C does not change vocalic quantity of short Vs – bit
Voiced C causes a comparative prolongation of the preceding short V – bid
Three degrees of vocalic quantity
1. Bit 2. Bid, beat 3. Bead
USE – verb – z – longer vowel – voiced consonant
USE – noun – s – shorter vowel – voiceless consonant
Consonant cluster – 2 or more consonants in one group SPRing STRess STRing
Aspiration
Initial position – always aspirated
Characterized with regards to:
1) The type of blockage the air stream must overcome
2) The contact of the articulatory organs
Criteria:
a) Place of articulation b) Manner of articulation
c) Acoustic impression d) Position of the soft palate
A) Place of articulation (place)
a. Bilabial – p, b w, m
b. Labio-dental – f, v
c. Dental – (th)
d. Alveoral – t, d, tš, dž, s, z, š, ž, n, l, r
e. Palatal – j
f. Velar – k, g, nasal: n
g. Glottal – h
B) The type of obstacle (manner)
a. Occlusives – formed by means of a closure – p, b, t, d, k , g (dotknu se…)
b. Constrictives – the obstacle in the form of narrowing – f, v, th, s, z, š, ž, h ,j, w
c. Semi-occlusives – the obstacle combines closure with narrowing – tš, dž
d. Semi-constrictives – m, n, nasal n
e. l and r sounds
C)
a. Plosives – plosion – p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, nosové n
b. Fricatives – friction – f, v, th, s, z, š, ž, h, l, r, j, w
c. Affricatives – plosion+friction – tš, dž
D)
a. Nasal consonant – m, n, nosové n
b. Oral consonant – the rest
Voiced – lenis – b, d, dž, g, v, th, z, ž, m, n, nasal n, h, l, r, w, j
Voiceless – fortis – p, t, tš, k, f, th, s, š
Vocalic quantity
Czech – absolute vocalic quantity
English – relative vocalic quantity, dependent on the surrounding environment
An important role played by the consonant following the vowel ( V C )
Voiceless C causes a comparative shortening of the preceding long V – beat
Voiced C does not change vocalic quantity of long Vs – bead
Voiceless C does not change vocalic quantity of short Vs – bit
Voiced C causes a comparative prolongation of the preceding short V – bid
Three degrees of vocalic quantity
1. Bit 2. Bid, beat 3. Bead
USE – verb – z – longer vowel – voiced consonant
USE – noun – s – shorter vowel – voiceless consonant
Consonant cluster – 2 or more consonants in one group SPRing STRess STRing
Aspiration
Initial position – always aspirated