THE ASSESSMENT OF PERI-URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; A CASE STUDY OF EGBEDA TOWN, IBADAN

CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
More than half the world 's population lives in areas that are classified as urban. In developing countries, a substantial and growing proportion lives in or around metropolitan areas and large cities, including the zone termed the 'peri-urban interface ', where their livelihoods depend to some extent on natural resources such as land for food, water and fuel, and space for living.
The population pressure means that resources in such zones are often overexploited. Although heterogeneous in its social composition, the peri-urban interface (PUI) constitutes the habitat of a diversity of populations, including lower income groups who are particularly vulnerable to the impacts and negative externalities of both rural and urban systems. This includes risks to health and life and physical hazards related to the occupation of unsuitable sites, lack of access to clean water and basic sanitation and poor housing conditions. Environmental changes also impinge upon the livelihood strategies of these communities by decreasing or increasing their access to different types of capital assets (including access to natural resources such as land, water, and energy).
The growing interest in the fringe areas between the rural and the urban suggests there is no divide, but an overlap which provides both positive and negative flows in either direction, which is sometimes referred to as “Peri-urban”. Peri-urban settlement can be seen as an interface between the urban and the rural settlement. A peri-urban settlement literally means the area around an urban settlement. It is distinctive in its diversity, having a mix of land uses and residents. It is rural in appearance but many residents will have jobs in the nearby urban area to which they commute. Although there is no consensus on the definition of the peri-urban interface, there is growing recognition among development professionals and institutions that rural and urban features tend increasingly to co-exist within cities and beyond their limits.
Researchers have tried to define peri-urban settlements, and it has been viewed from five points. The spatial/locational point, the temporal point, the social exclusion, the functional point, and the conflict point.
Peri-urban settlements viewed from the spatial or locational point can be defined based on the distance from the city center and relative to the built environment, i.e. peri-urban zones are seen as those zones at the edge f the built-up areas. This view draws on land-uses to define peri-urban settlements. It also considers an area or activity in terms of the legal or administrative boundary of the city, with those just outside the peri-urban.
Peri-urban settlement viewed from the temporal point defines it as an area recently incorporated into the city or that are contiguous to the city and whose use (usually built development) is recent or below a certain age (maybe 5- 10 years).
Peri-urban settlement viewed from the functional point defines it as an area that maybe outside the city boundary but are functionally integrated or linked to the system on the basis of certain criteria and cut-off points, e.g. supply of fresh produce to the city, daily commuting to the city, labor participation, etc.
Peri-urban settlements viewed from the social exclusion point comes up with a definition also based on linkages but looks at areas and social groups within the city boundary but are socially, economically and functionally excluded from the rest of the city. This could be based on the following criteria;
Infrastructure: Such exclusion is usually addressed on the basis of infrastructure provision, such as electricity, water and sanitation (water and sanitation being the most common).
Informal settlements: These are also used as an indicator of exclusion.
Finally, viewing peri-urban settlement from the conflict point considers it from an analytical point, and considers peri-urban settlements as places of conflict where two or more different systems clash, as opposed to the convergence and harmonization of different systems. E.g. Rural versus Urban, Agriculture versus Built development, Modern versus Subsistence, and Formal versus Informal.
Notwithstanding different statistical definitions that have been used over time, the essential meaning of the rural-urban fringe or the peri-urban zone is ' still focused on an area in which there is an integration and juxtaposition of rural and urban, and in which the dynamic continues to change. What changes however is the nature of the composition of the different urban and rural activities and functions, and the extent of the peri-urban zone (Brook and Davila, 2000). Furthermore, the geographic components (rural countryside, small and medium-sized urban nodes, urban areas) vary in relative importance from one region to another and over time (Pacione, 2001). These differences can be a function of a variety of factors, such as different planning and management mechanisms, differences in transportation infrastructure developments; different local cultures regarding how to deal with change, and so on.

1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AREA
The study area is in Oyo State, which in 2006 had an estimated population of 1,338,659 million, and is made up largely of Yoruba people. It is located on the coordinates 7°23′47″N 3°55′0″E, and it has a total land area of 1,189.2 sq mi (3,080 km2). It is bounded by Kwara State on the north, Lagos State on the south, Osun state on the east, and Ogun state on the west.
Linkages and interactions between rural and urban areas, in the form of movements of people, goods, information and money, are an increasingly important component of livelihoods in the region, as in most parts of the world. This paper studies Egbeda town as a peri-urban settlement of Ibadan. The town is located in Egbeda local government area in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. It is an administrative center which serves as the headquarters of the local government. It is the ninth ward in the local government. Egbeda as a town has an estimated population of about 20,823 inhabitants. It is situated in the outskirt of Ibadan.
It is a settlement which was rural, but became a peri-urban settlement over time to serve as a source of interface or linkage between the city of Ibadan and other smaller rural settlements around. Fig.1. Map of Nigeria showing Oyo State Fig.2. Map of Egbeda Town

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
More than half the world 's population lives in and around urban areas. In developing countries this proportion is higher and increasing.
The border between urban and rural areas used to be considered as a clear-cut line in the landscape; clear-cut both in the physical and organizational sense. However, increasingly it is recognized that rural and urban features tend to coexist within cities and beyond their limits. The interface between urban and rural domains, or the peri-urban area, as it is more often called, is under continuous change, driven by the expanding urban areas and the (still) strong linkages with the rural hinterland. Urban population growth has now overtaken migration in terms of influx of persons in the peri-urban area. Still, one can speak of a meeting of two worlds, the rural and the urban, since migration is still quite substantial.
Major challenges exist in this highly versatile area from an environmental, social and economic perspective; but also on issues such as planning of construction sites and green areas, development of markets, waste disposal, availability of clean water, labour etc. The relationship between the challenges and the ability of rural, urban or new institutional arrangements to cope with them seem to be key points for the design of proper planning and management in these areas, so as to guarantee a living environment for the inhabitants, especially the poor, while enhancing sustainable development.
The peri-urban areas are heterogeneous in social composition, which is characteristic for fast changing environments, but the lower income communities seem to prevail (Allen, 2001). This group is particularly vulnerable to the negative impact of rural and urban surrounding systems, and moreover easily dominated by wealthier players and ignored by the authorities in the absence of clear rules and regulations. Risks have to be faced, under uncertain livelihood strategies (Tacoli, 2001). These risks include health and physical hazards related to the occupation of unsuitable sites, lack of access to basic water and sanitation and poor housing conditions.
The sustainability of both urban and rural areas is affected by the dynamic and changing flows of commodities, capital, natural resources, people and pollution in the peri-urban interface (Allen 2001). Despite this fact, development policy and systems of governance continue to treat rural and urban development as independent, largely unconnected sectors (Rabinovitch, 2001).

1.3. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVE
1.3.1. AIM OF STUDY
The main aim of the research is to make an assessment of the impacts of the peri-urban settlement of Egbeda town on the population increase in Ibadan city.
1.3.2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The objectives of this study includes,
1. To assess the health pattern of Egbeda town.
2. To assess the housing conditions of Egbeda town.
3. To assess the infrastructure and social services of Egbeda town.
4. To consider the impacts of environmental problems in Egbeda town.
5. To analyze the data to be considered with its interpretation.
6. To make recommendations and suggestion where necessary.

1.4. SCOPE OF STUDY
There is recognition that the urban–rural dichotomy that is deeply ingrained in planning systems is inadequate for dealing with processes of environmental and developmental change in the peri-urban context. It can be argued that environmental planning and management of the peri-urban settlement cannot simply be based on the extrapolation of planning approaches and tools applied in rural and urban areas. Instead, it needs to be based on the construction of an approach that responds to the specific environment, social, economic and institutional aspects of the peri-urban interface.
Changes in the peri-urban interface range from urban expansion to the decline of agricultural and rural employment opportunities. Therefore, managing the environment of this interface has significant implications, not only for the livelihoods and quality of life of those who live in these areas but also for the sustainability of urban and rural development. This is because the ecological, economic and social functions performed by and in the peri-urban interface affect both the city and the countryside. Thus, the task of managing its environment is a complicated one. Part of the complexity of the task derives from the artificial distinction between “urban” and “rural”, a distinction that (mis)informs the setting up of institutional arrangements.
Environmental planning and management of peri-urban areas is informed by three distinctive fields, namely rural, regional and urban planning, and the multitude of traditions that characterize the evolution of each. It can be said that environmental planning and management of the peri-urban interface requires a specific approach that pulls together a selection of methods and tools from the three fields into a new process.
Traditionally, planning systems have been developed upon the comprehensive planning tradition first introduced by colonial imperialism and later reinforced by the export of master planning. In practice, this approach is very often replaced and/or complemented by piecemeal planning guided by a random interpretation and enforcement of mixed regulations and decrees. In both cases, planners find themselves either locked in an ivory tower, wondering why development processes do not follow their long-term visions, or trapped in the dilemma of tolerating reality or enforcing the norm.
The peri-urban area is not only an integral part of the urban system, it is also essential to the health of the urban system, at least in the context of the forms of metropolitan regions that have developed in industrialized countries. The functions that peri-urban areas fulfill for the city are numerous, e.g. the location of much of the demographic increase in metropolitan regions, notwithstanding efforts to increase density in existing urban environments in many countries, a space for the integration of new populations, agricultural production, leisure and recreational activity, commercial or industrial employment nodes, infrastructure (transportation, waste management, water supplies, etc.).

1.5. JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
The rural-urban fringe, increasingly replaced in the research terminology by peri-urban fringes, zones or areas, has been a major arena for geographic research, and to a lesser extent, research in the planning field, for over 50 years. According to Allen (2001), from the 1970s in particular, considerable research was undertaken on this zone, focusing on the patterns of change in the context of the then dominant conceptual framework, that of the central city and built-up area, the rural-urban fringe, the outer fringe and the urban shadow. Such research became very popular, for instance, in Canada during and after the 1970s when it was recognized that this zone was a central part of the structure and functioning of urban and metropolitan regional systems. These zones represented and still represent important extensions of the living space of major urban and metropolitan systems--as living environments, as environments in which employment opportunities were developed and resources exploited (e.g. agricultural resources), as environments in which important recreational and leisure activities could be pursued and provided for, and as environments destined to receive many important infrastructural developments (e.g. transportation infrastructure).
The regional metropolitan system comprises: the urban area (central parts plus the suburbs); the peri-urban zone, with its mixture of settlements, countryside and natural spaces; and the rural hinterland. In one form or another, this simple zone-like structure has been used to describe the structure of regional urban and metropolitan systems for over 50 years. Increasingly, however, while the zone-like structure is still used as a point of departure and still represents a way of conceptualizing the results of the operation of meso-scale urbanization forces on land use activities and development generally around major cities.
While the term peri-urban is used frequently in the literature and in policy discussions, the definitions employed are situational and case specific. They provide little basis for a unified understanding of what constitutes peri-urban. The need to provide both theoretical clarity and practical utility is important to the study of the peri-urban interface. Confusion in the definition leads to poor policy design and implementation and inaccurate policy/program evaluation (Allen, 2001). Peri-Urban environments are places of social compression and dynamic social change. Understanding the nature and operation of the system requires a focus on the underlying dynamic processes rather than the fixed states. Effective policy interventions rest on interdisciplinary understanding, which incorporates physical, biological and socio-cultural paradigms.

1.6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• What sorts of services are required?
These and other questions require more attention by researchers, especially as they are likely to vary substantially from one locality to another.
The development and transformation of peri-urban areas takes places in a management system characterized by a variety of scales. The result is a complex set of spatial structures, that are often hierarchically organized in some way but which can also be overlapping. This poses the question of;
• How to best manage the different scales of territorial planning in the peri-urban area?
• What are the environmental problems affecting the peri urban settlements.

1.7. DEFINITION OF UNFAMILIAR TERMS
Questions commonly asked of individuals studying urbanization effects on rural systems are: what is the interface, where is it, and why is it important to define it? Often the interface is defined in geographical terms e.g., interfaces, intermix, and occluded. These terms provide a spatial context of development with other land uses. Similarly, the interface often is described from a fire or economic perspective. Yet, the interface is more than a single measurement or context. It is a composite of multiple factors that converge to form a set of conditions, which defines a landscape in space and time. Thus, the interface is not a location, but rather a condition defined by changes to the physical, biological and social components of a landscape caused by urbanization. But, what are these changes and how are they related? Conceptually, physical, biological, and social components of a landscape can be viewed in a n-dimensional space with elements of the various components serving as axes. This hyper-volume is much like the hyper-volume of niche theory. By mapping the physical, social and ecological elements, the interface condition of a landscape can be defined. Linking a temporal element enables us to examine how the landscape is changing and what are the rates of change. From a planning and management perspective, this information provides an insight into factors creating the interface, the extent of the interface, and how it is changing. Each are critical pieces of information for effective land-use decisions and formulating land-use policy.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. PERI-URBAN SETTLEMENT (INTERFACE)
Peri-urban settlement, which is also known as periphery or suburb can be defined as an area located in-between consolidated urban regions and rural ones. A peri-urban settlement literally means the area around an urban settlement. It is distinctive in its diversity, having a mix of land uses and residents. It is rural in appearance but many residents will have jobs in the nearby urban area to which they commute. A typical peri-urban area has lower demographic density, poorer urban infrastructure and mixed land use. The peri-urban area is often defined as a transition zone with a mixture of urban and rural activities and land uses (Adell, 1999). This transition zone is also defined as a spectrum of change from rural to urban that is discontinuous, “lumpy” and multidimensional and that arises from underlying social processes (Iaquinta and Drescher, 2000). To understand the processes that drive land use changes in such a rural-urban continuum, our knowledge needs to be improved and better tools need to be created to assess the future social, environmental and economic impacts of these changes. Only then effective strategies for the planning of sustainable land use systems can be identified.
Peri-urban settlement try to concentrate the bulk of immigrants moving to urban centers and it represents a significant percentage of the total population of urban centers. They are important to urban centers as they try to reduce the congestion in urban centers.
Over the years, peri-urban areas have been growing across the world as a whole. This is due to reasons such as restrictive urban zoning for central areas. Policy issues such as zoning rationale are mostly anti-growth because it causes unnecessary increase in land price. Another reason is the expensive housing markets in central areas this restricts poor families and/or recent migrants to be able to settle in central areas. Then there is always the problem of inadequate housing policies in urban centers which is always limited and not well funded by the respective bodies. The different demographic dynamics in urban and peri-urban areas also lends a hand to the growing peri-urban settlements due to the dense population of urban centers. People tend to move away from urban centers due to some of these reasons and relocate to settlements of close proximity to the urban centers where the effects won’t be really felt.
According to Chirisa (2009), peri-urban areas pose special challenges which are particularly hard to address. Peri-urban areas, often characterized by (relatively) cheap land, labour, low taxes and proximity to urban markets, undergo rapid change processes, partly not initiated within the region but forced by causes such as economic globalization. One prominent challenge in peri-urban areas is linked to land-use changes. While such land is traditionally used for agricultural activities, demand for other uses is rising, such as real estate or economic development. To meet this demand, without compromising questions of social equity, is a major challenge for planning processes and institutional arrangements in these areas. It’s equally important to tackle issues of social vulnerability in these areas (e.g. natural disasters or access to basic services) and to initiate change processes that are sustainable.
Some of its other problems include; Policy implication, Transportation and Housing. Policy issues such as zoning, parks and building norms make living situations a bit hard. The difficulties for the state to enforce urban regulation and property rights also affect the dwelling of peri-urban settlers. There’s always the problem of invasion of parks and protected areas in the settlement. These various policies formulated result in very restrictive urban regulations and cause more irregular occupation.
Transportation also poses difficulties to peri-urban settlers. The residents of peri-urban settlements experience longer journeys to their work place which is often situated in the urban centers. The use of public transport systems which is often crowded increases the vulnerability of the commuter to air-borne disease. Also, availability of different transport systems may induce or restrict urban sprawl.
There’s always the problem of difficulty in accessing job centers for residents of peri-urban settlements. The source of income for most of the residents of peri-urban areas lies in the urban centers, thus making it difficult for unemployed residents to get jobs.
It must be stressed that peri-urban interfaces in almost all the developing countries are places of possible disaster outbreaks. Not only are they so in terms of liability to disease outbreaks but there are also social vices and demeanors, which make the situation more acute and desperate (McIvor, 2001). Put succinctly, 62% of sub-Saharan Africa 's urban population lives in slums (AA Network, 2009), where conditions of slum are quite defined in the peri-urban sphere. The absence of planning for these places and general neglect by governments explains why these have a despicable character; as these have not been institutionally integrated as urban. Even when integration attempts are made, these are usually too choking for the existing cities’ budgetary coffers because of the effective demand created by peri-urban dwellers. Often cities leave this new demand outside their ambit of operation.
Contemporary African peri-urban areas are territories of risky and hazardous development (Chirisa, 2009). Regional planning, though a prescription with undoubted potency as demonstrated by its application in the developed world (cf. Malizia, 2005; Chapman, 2005), has been regarded more as rhetoric than practical (and worth of investment venture in Africa. Developed countries have moved beyond sub-national regional development) where contiguous districts, counties and towns are quite physically, economically and politically federalized to supranational regionalism where the walls of national boundaries have been reduced to insignificance. Nonetheless in Africa, there is rampancy of denial, boundary conflicts let alone no co-operation in terms of tackling common issues between local governments in the same region (cf. Chirisa, 2009; Parr, John, et al. 2002; McKinney, Parr and Seltzer, 2004). Transforming peri-urban areas into viable areas of transition in terms of ecological and human health requires that policymakers, projects’ implementers, planners and communities therein change their perceptions and attitudes about the peri-urban interfaces hence to start viewing them as a critical asset for city-building in light of the urbanization fact characterizing the contemporary world (Malizia, 2005; Chapman; 2005; Apte, 2008). Such attitude and perception change is long overdue given the adverse developments emerging on the ground and the arguments posed in the sustainable development framework. These aspects are included in peri-urbanity, namely, the prevalence of horticultural activities; attractiveness to investment by the moneyed classes of society in the areas of housing, commerce and other big-time ventures; and the quest for tapping and maximizing on the potential wealth to be generated through rural-urban linkages (Simon, 2008; Chirisa, 2009). As put across by Apte (2008), peri-urban areas should not be left to develop spontaneously and haphazardly but a proactive mind is needed for acceptance and laying grip on the opportunities embedded in their existence. Planners and policymakers must bear in their mind that investment of urban basic services in these areas is paramount in preventing health disasters.
Critical to note is also the argument posed over the concept of peri-urban zone. Marshall (2008) asserts that the whole framing of peri-urban both as a process or a concept is analytically flawed as the framings of situation by those involved in city planning and management can have far reaching implications for the poor. He observes that when regarded as a place:
“…the peri urban becomes a site of expulsion from the city to make way for visions of a modernity, but can also become seen as a threatening urban fringe, where communities become associated with health and environmental hazards which require some form of control. When regarded as a process it can be seen as a transition zone, where for example the retirement of rural activities are inevitable and therefore require little attention.”
To counter the challenges of marginality that often marks peri-urban zones, Marshall (2008) proposes perceiving the peri-urban as a condition which encompasses aspects of rural and urban activities and institutions, where there is influence of rapid social, environmental and technological changes and increasing marginalization. He argues for a well-recognized environmental degradation, natural resource conflicts, health concerns and social injustice that are particularly acute in the peri-urban situation, but the implications of ignoring them are of far reaching consequences. Failure to address these apparently peripheral issues, not only results in a plethora of missed opportunities to benefit from rural-urban synergies, for example in waste management; affordable and nutritious fresh produce, but also fails to address a key flash point in undermining the ability to improve environmental integrity and social equity and poverty in growing cities.
Another scholar, Simon (2008) challenges the current thinking about environment-development issues in peri-urban areas. He observes that peri-urban areas are the transitional zones between distinctly urban and unambiguously rural areas, known variously as rural-urban fringes or transition zones, or peri-urban zones or areas or interfaces (PUI). Simon (2008) argues that such concerns about the environment and development concepts and practices reflect the growing real-world limitations of traditional concepts of a simple rural-urban dichotomy. Some note that present-day fringes or interfaces have become intimately bound up with notions of sustainable urbanization and urban development, with different issues and agendas manifested in different geo-historical zones of urbanization. He addresses the complexities of changing peri-urban production and livelihood systems in the context of rapid urbanization in poorer countries, distinctive peri-urban challenges of appropriate and flexible planning and development, and the future prospects for enhanced sustainability in this most challenging category of development-environment interfaces. Finally, Simon (2008) raises possibilities for mutual learning between geo-historical regions. In the sustainable livelihoods framework knowledge, skills and health are located in human capital framework and these are pinnacles of the learning interchanges possible within sections of population of a community. It is high time metropolitan governments realize the importance of integrating peri-urban settlements in their propinquity and vicinity into their planning sphere as a matter of regional stewardship (McKinney, 2004; Chapman, 2005; Malizia, 2005).

2.1.1. PERI-URBAN SETTLEMENT IN EUROPE
Urbanization has arguably been the most significant process of land use change in Europe since the Second World War. Over 70% of Europe’s population now lives in urban areas, which in turn have grown in area by almost 80% over the last fifty years (Joe Ravetz, 2009). The most obvious signs of this shift towards urbanization are urban sprawl and the emergence of peri-urban areas, characterized by scattered built-up residential, industrial or commercial areas and dense transport networks, but also by the establishment in some places of green belts, recreational facilities, urban woodlands and golf courses, the conversion of farmstead complexes into housing and changes from conventional agricultural land uses into hobby farms and rural areas within easy reach of the city.
The development and transformation of peri-urban areas takes places in a management system characterized by a variety of scales. The result is a complex set of spatial structures, that are often hierarchically organized in some way but which can also be overlapping. This poses the question of how to best manage the different scales of territorial planning in the peri-urban area. The situation is rendered more complex given the evolution of the structures of intervention, particularly when earlier structures are often not replaced but simply have other structures superimposed on them. The difficulties are reflected in the slowness with which planning and management of peri-urban change will occur, for instance, the Ile-de-France region (Allen, 2001), a phenomenon that appears frequently in peri-urban areas. Furthermore, when the human factor is entered into the equation, individual (e.g. farmers) or collective actors (e.g. municipal councils) can make the difference in the particular trajectory that a given locality follows (Dumoulin and Marois; Granjon), and frequently the actions or initiatives involved stretch the limits to say the least of the traditional approach to land use planning.
The different spatial patterns, cultures, planning policies, and various driving forces of urban growth or decline result in changes of land use and functional linkages between urban and rural areas. The changing nature of the relationships between rural and urban land uses has deep consequences both for people’s quality of life, for the environment and ecosystem services. These changes are most dynamic, intense and visible in the peri-urban zones which are therefore the main object of study. To understand the processes that drive land use changes, it is necessary to analyze the causes and effects, to improve knowledge, and to create better methods and tools to assess the future social, environmental and economic impacts of these changes.

2.2. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
Development and urbanization have been traditionally structured around dichotomies such as urban-rural, traditional-modern, formal-informal, etc. There is no, or at the most an uneasy, attention to peri-urban areas. Problems in these peri-urban areas are most often characterized by a lack of urban values, such as the lack of adequate infrastructure, services and regulations etc., or the vanishing of rural values, like the high prices for the land, loss of fertile soil, social cohesion, etc. This distinction between urban and rural territories is insufficient to characterize the communities and the landscape of peri-urban areas as border territories. There is still a call for a clearer definition of the peri-urban area, peri-urban interface, or rural-urban fringe, but the fact that rural and urban features should be seen as co-existing within and along cities seems to be gaining support.
There are different methods of defining the peri-urban areas, which can be identified based on four main classes (MDP, 2001):
• Physical criteria including street patterns and housing density.
• Functional criteria encompassing communication systems, employment levels and transportation networks.
• Social and socio-psychological criteria involving the determination of the urban life quality and the general social life of the people.
• Administrative criteria covering the local authority boundaries
Adell (1999) summarizes several conceptual approaches to peri-urban areas (he refers to the peri-urban interface or PUI) but it remains unclear how many authors adhere to each of the categories given. Going from the least to the most integrated concepts, a first, and most common, approach is the periphery of the city, much applied in management interventions. A second approach is that applied by those who see the fringe as a socioeconomic system, as a social category with a dual urban-rural orientation in social and economic terms, regardless of its spatial location. Yet another approach views the peri-urban areas as the interaction of rural-urban flows, by looking at the dynamics of rural-urban links and flows at the regional level. Finally, a particular group of authors see the peri-urban areas as a particular ecological and socio-economic system.
Under all conceptual approaches, though, the particular features of the peri-urban areas are based on the mix and coexistence of urban and rural features. Iaquinta and Drescher (2001) give five peri-urban typologies, and new abbreviations, but state that rural, peri-urban, and urban form a linked system, a multidimensional continuum.
2.2.1. FARMING SYSTEMS
Farming systems are a response to both ecological and socio-economic conditions. Farming systems in the peri-urban areas are a result of migration from rural areas, absorption of former rural enterprises (Bentinck, 2000), urban farmers seeking expansion possibilities in the fringes, or banned by the urban authorities (most often livestock, see Nunan, 2000). Both urban and peri-urban farming systems are highly diverse, and generalizations are difficult to make.
Many papers in the proceedings edited by Nunan, (2000), argue that in Africa farming in urban areas, notably relying on rain-fed crops and animals, is more a survival strategies, an expression of poverty and food insecurity, and therefore that urban agriculture will remain a marginal activity. Others show the development and importance of highly technological, high input and commercial aquaculture and horticulture systems in and around the cities; that rely on national and even international markets.
Although the notion of urban agriculture carries an intrinsic small scale connotation, experiences all over the world (Cuba, Argentina, Lebanon, Vietnam) show that agriculture in the fringe of the city is practiced on larger plots and larger enterprises than in the city centers, even if they are not on a large scale or fully commercial, the systems often combine other urban occupations generating off-farm income.
In the Congo, peri-urban operations can be seen as a complement to rural areas but should be considered in any rural development scheme, since more than 80% of the people live in towns (Kombe, 2005). Farming systems change in response to urbanization. Livelihoods in the peri-urban areas are affected by changes in, for example, land-use, employment, markets, etc. Some groups benefit from new opportunities and develop accumulation strategies, while emerging constraints can force vulnerable groups with limited assets to rely on survival strategies (Tacoli 2001).
The Niayes Zone in Senegal, could be seen as one large peri-urban zone, with horticulture and livestock systems, poultry dominating (Touré Fall, 2000). On Lebanon 's heavily urbanized coastal zone, intensive agriculture occupies large areas, and competes for space with human settlements (Zurayk et al. 2000). Urban farming here is favoured by a mild climate, the availability of water and closeness to the markets. In Harare, Zimbabwe, ideas are currently being developed to change land belonging to commercial farmers (considered rural) to small plots for the urban poor.
2.2.2. ISSUES
Although the attraction of cities to those migrating to seek a living within its borders has not decreased, urbanization today does not add up to the ideal of the city as it used to be, especially not in developing countries. This is reflected in the inner-urban areas, but is most apparent on the fringes of the cities. Here, the size of the problem is determined by the speed and nature of development and urbanization. Major problem areas are the lack of governance, or rather a lack in clarity in responsibilities between urban and rural authorities; lack of adequate services, like the availability of electricity and water, and when water is available, a lack of adequate sewage systems or waste-water treatment facilities.
2.2.3. LAND DISPUTES
Major issues resulting from an uneven process of urbanization under missing or overlapping regulations are disputes over access to land and land tenure. Some authors identify the access to land as a key issue (MDP, 2001). Lack of regulation and social cohesion, as well as the coincidence of poverty and environmental stress may lead to conflicts, and are often used as reason by the urban authorities to deny adequate public services to the, often illegal, inhabitants of peri-urban areas. This weakens the livelihood strategies of the peri-urban inhabitants further.
In the study by MDP (2001), the difference between land tenure planning on one hand and land tenure regularization on the other, was emphasized. These terms are mistakenly used interchangeably in some instances, while in others they are believed to be totally isolated concepts. In actual fact, these two are related concepts, but with different meanings. Land tenure planning refers to the anticipation of future trends in land tenure changes and the implementation of policies and plans aimed at harnessing the negative impacts of uncoordinated and haphazard developments. Land tenure regularization on the other hand is about the official recognition, realization, and/or legalisation of already existing land tenure systems. This could be achieved by ensuring security of tenure to vulnerable groups (such as the poor, women and children) in society
2.2.4. WASTE AND WASTEWATER
One could conclude that most of the literature on the peri-urban areas that is reviewed here, places attention on waste, that is, the dumping of refuse, reuse of (treated and untreated) wastewater, sanitation and environmental management in general (a large amount of publications on the latter, are related to the research programmes in Ghana, Kumasi city and India, Hubli Dharwad city).
Much of the wastewater produced in urban and peri-urban areas is already used, directly or indirectly, for irrigation almost always without treatment. It appears that suitable technologies for decentralized treatment are available but that other barriers to the wider adoption of the decentralized approaches exist. These barriers include lack of finance and suitable land, deficiencies in knowledge and skills and a lack of flexibility in official design standards (Parkinson, J. and K. Tayler 2001). Advantages are sought in decentralized management, including compatibility with decentralized approaches to: urban management and refuse needs, particularly those of the peri-urban poor; cost reduction and increasing agricultural productivity. The challenge for activists and planners is to create informed demand for improved systems, focusing on health and on the improvements that may be achieved for the household economy through participation in improved wastewater management.
2.2.5. URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING
A distinctive characteristic of peri-urban areas is the lack of institutions capable of addressing the links between urban and rural activities. Moreover, sectoral policies are generally defined under the assumption that the physical distinction between urban and rural areas is self-explanatory and uncontroversial Tacoli (2001).
Allen (2001) therefore argues that environmental planning and management in peri-urban areas cannot simply be an extrapolation of planning approaches and tools applied in rural or urban areas, but that they need to be based on the specific situation. Jarlov (2001) argues that there is gap between the real problems among the poor in and around the cities and the conventional planning view where people mainly get their food from buying by means of salaries and wages.

2.3. WHAT ARE THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE PERI-URBAN SETTLEMENT.
The peri-urban area can be conceived of as a territory (or rather a series of territories) with which people develop a sense of identification or belonging, despite their attachment to the employment, goods and services offered by the central city. This is of great significance to local level planning and management. It is also increasingly considered as essential by planners in achieving success in the territorial or locality projects that several have been trying to develop in different regions. Different techniques can be used to develop this identity in these areas characterized by hyper-mobility of their populations. The development of quality agricultural production, linked to local territories or local knowledge, can be part of this.
Population size, population density in built-up areas, infrastructural characteristics, administrative boundaries and predominant economic activities are the main variables conventionally used to distinguish rural from urban (Tacoli, Cecilia, 1998). The peri-urban settlement constitutes an uneasy phenomenon, usually characterized by either the loss of “rural” aspects (loss of fertile soil, agricultural land, natural landscape, etc.) or the lack of urban attributes (low density, lack of accessibility, lack of services and infrastructure, etc.). Attempts to conceptualize this new development landscape range from the emphasis on rural–urban linkages as footloose processes rapidly transforming territories, to the notion of the “peri-urban” as a term qualifying areas with mixed rural and urban features (Iaquinta and Drescher , 2001).

2.3.1. A COMPLEX MOSAIC OF RURAL, URBAN AND NATURAL SUBSYSTEMS
From an environmental perspective, the peri-urban interface can be characterized as a heterogeneous mosaic of natural ecosystems, productive or agro-ecosystems, and urban ecosystems affected by the material and energy flows demanded by urban and rural systems. Each of these sub-systems both conditions and is conditioned by the other two. An environmental conceptualization of the peri-urban settlement has several implications for its analysis and for policy interventions.
First, it opens a new understanding of these processes, calling upon the articulation of social, economic and biophysical aspects. For instance, this reveals that the processes of private appropriation of land, either through real-estate speculation or through the marginalization of certain groups, reinforce unequal conditions of environmental quality. Thus, areas subjected to environmental hazards often become the habitat of lower income groups, whilst those areas of high environmental quality constitute the epicenter of speculative mechanisms, subtracting or freezing access for productive activities by previous dwellers or cancelling valuable ecological functions performed by natural systems (Adriana Allen, 2001).
Second, the carrying capacity of the territory (soil productivity, vulnerability to floods, availability of drinking water, etc.) includes a set of more appropriate criteria for the environmental assessment of the peri-urban settlement than the conventional zoning criteria based on density, morphology and urban and rural uses of the territory. Conventional urban planning has favored a centrifugal view inadequate for addressing the characteristics of the settlement’s patchwork structure.
Through trade and natural flows of ecological goods and services, cities tend to draw on the material resources and ecological productivity of vast hinterlands. The expansion of cities ecological footprints has important implications for the peri-urban settlement in terms of both increasing pressures on its carrying capacity and missing production opportunities, for instance when food is imported from distant regions rather than supplied from the city’s hinterland. The quest for reciprocal and environmentally sustainable relations between urban, periurban and rural systems demands a reappraisal of the concept of the urban bio-region (Adriana Allen, 2001).
2.3.2. CHANGING SOCIAL STRUCTURES
From a socioeconomic viewpoint, the peri-urban settlement also presents several peculiarities. The continuous but uneven process of urbanization taking place in these areas is generally accompanied (or in many cases produced) by land speculation, shifting economic activities of higher productivity, and the emergence of informal and often illegal activities such as clandestine abattoirs, intensive use of agro-chemicals and fertilizers for horticultural production, and mining or quarrying activities for the supply of building materials. As a result, the social composition of peri-urban systems is highly heterogeneous and subject to change over time. Small farmers, informal settlers, industrial entrepreneurs and urban middle-class commuters may all co-exist in the same territory, but with different and often competing interests, practices and perceptions.
Thus, a second distinctive characteristic of the peri-urban interface is that social groups are heterogeneous and in constant transition. That is to say, the composition and interests of these groups tend to change over time, in a process characterized by the fluctuating incorporation of new stakeholders (Adriana Allen, 2001). As a result, it is difficult to establish clear and more or less permanent institutional arrangements that deal effectively with the long term management of natural resources and the enhancement of the livelihoods of those living and working in the peri-urban settlement.
2.3.3. INSTITUTIONAL LANDSCAPE
The peri-urban settlement is often characterized as the converging of sectoral and overlapping institutions with different spatial and physical remits. This is related to the changing geographical location of the peri-urban settlement or of the process whereby institutional arrangements or areas of responsibility tend to be too small or too large, too urban or too rural in their orientation to address sustainability and poverty concerns effectively. In addition, private sector bodies as well as non-governmental and community-based organizations also intervene in the management of peri-urban areas, but often without clear articulation or leadership from government structures (Adriana Allen, 2001).
The problem of institutional fragmentation is particularly relevant for understanding the constraints faced in environmental planning and management within this interface. Peri-urban areas often share the territory of more than one administrative unit. Weak links and limited municipal power in sectors such as transport, water, energy, solid and liquid waste management, and land-use planning often result in uncertainty as to which institution administers which specific area or activity. No district is able to apply a single isolated approach when supplying the comprehensive water and energy flows required by its population, or to manage the wastes and pollution generated by that population within its jurisdictional limits.
This discussion implies that environmental planning and management of this interface demands a conceptual and methodological shift from the physical definition of urban and rural areas (understood as clearly limited geographic and administrative entities) to a broader understanding, whereby the complex patterns of settlement and resource use, the flow of natural resources, of capital, goods, services and people, do not fit or accord with jurisdictional boundaries.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. INTRODUCTION
Given the range of issues to be covered by the study and its focus on the assessment of the influence of peri-urban settlements in developing countries, this study adopted a methodology that allows for the combination of qualitative and quantitative tools. This section describes the research methodology and details the research methods used. It discusses the criteria used for identifying areas of impact in the peri-urban settlements; select the questionnaire respondents, Field data and spatial data gathering methods.
The peri-urban settlements in developing countries have recently been seen as a means of shedding the increasing population in the urban cities, such as the case of Ibadan and Egbeda town, Lagos and Mowe (a settlement just outside the boundaries of Lagos), etc.
Data was required to provide a measurement of their impacts on the cities surrounding them, and how it affects their population. To achieve this, data were collected on the socio-economic characteristics of residents, physical and infrastructural facilities and the perception of respondents on the environmental problems and opportunities in their settlements.
3.2. SOURCING OF DATA
The research questions were answered through the collection of both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through the use of semi-structured questionnaires administered on households, and checklists used to collect information on facilities and services.
This phase in the research project focuses primarily on the collection of information and data. This was made available from two general sources:
3.2.1. PRIMARY DATA
Primary data for this research were sourced through data collected by the researcher from the field via observations, questionnaires, interviews, and checklists to gather information on the facilities, services and the environmental quality.
3.2.2. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Secondary data for this research were sourced from various published and unpublished documented sources, such as extracts from the internet, Government Gazettes, Government policy documents, urban and regional master plans, libraries, journals, articles, textbooks, national and international books and references to ensure an integrated approach towards quantifying the process of change and intervention in the study areas. The population data were from the publications of the National Population Commission, (NPC).

3.3. RESEARCH POPULATION
The 2006 national population census put the estimate of the inhabitants of Egbeda at 18,645 inhabitants. In view of making near accurate generalizations, a projection was made with the formula below;
Pt = Po (1+r) n
Where Pt = Population at future date Po = Population at initial date r = Annual rate of growth (0.028) n = Time interval (Pt -Po) (2010 – 2006)
Thus, P2010 = 18645(1+0.028)4 =20,822.60 Approx. =20,823
The expected population in Egbeda town based on projections to 2010 is 20,823 persons.
3.4. SAMPLING PROCESS
3.4.1. SAMPLING SIZE
Having this in mind, it was estimated that the core area from the central of the town down to the exit of the town would inhabit a one-third (1/3) of the total population of the town. The Traffic Appraisal Manual, London (1981) gives the following equation for calculation of sample size, n: n = P (1 - P) N3 [E/1.96]2 (N – 1) + P (1 – P) N2
Where;
N= the total number of households within the study area.
E= the required accuracy expressed as a number of households.
P= the proportion of households with the attribute of interest.
In this situation, it has been projected that there are approximately 20,823 inhabitants in Egbeda town. Taking a quarter of this figure as the number that will inhabit the core area
i.e. 20,823/3 = 6941 (Author’s field survey, 2010)
Using a household population of 8 persons considering that the town is just transforming,
Number of households =6941/ 8 =867.63
Approx. =868
Using the systematic sampling technique which was done after the sort that an individual from every 10th household will be interviewed. With the above mentioned, the required accuracy will be 5% of the population, and then the required sample size is calculated as below. n = 0.1 (1-0.1)8683
[43.4/1.96]2(868-1) + 0.1(1-0.1)8682

= 58,857,482.88 425,095 + 67808.80
= 58,857,482.88 492,903.57
= 120.27
= 120 questionnaires
Note:
P = 1/10 = 0.5
E = 868x 5% = 43.4
Overall, a total number of 120 questionnaires were administered using the systematic sampling technique which was carried out on every 10th individual from a household. There was 100% response.

3.4.2. SAMPLING METHOD
The major developments in the town viz the interaction with Ibadan formed the sample frame for this research work. The sampling procedure employed in the distribution of the 120 questionnaires to the respondent in the selected areas/buildings is the systematic random sampling method. This is the method of selecting sample at regular interval. This method is employed based on the settlement pattern of the study areas, and also it is highly reliable. Efforts were made to survey every 10th individual from each household.

3.5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
3.5.1. THE RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
The reconnaissance survey involved a drive through the study areas to have a general knowledge of the case study settlements, and a better appreciation of the environmental problems of the peri-urban settlements. The objectives of the survey were along the main focus of the research
3.5.2. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
The study area was surveyed by way of reconnaissance survey of the settlement, in which the researcher visited as many of the study areas main sections within the limit of time and resources available. A pre-test of the questionnaire was undertaken within sections of the peri-urban settlers to ascertain the adequacy of the questionnaire and the reaction of the respondents to the length of time of each interview. The outcome of the pre-test was positive as some parts of the questionnaire were restructured in line with the exigencies on sites.
Field observations were used for identifying the study area’s natural characteristics. In addition, they helped in gathering information by walking in a line through a cross-section of the landscape, to ensure the representation of maximum topographical, resource, environmental problems and socio-economic variation in the study areas. General observations are supported by brief and interviews focusing on issues of concern in respect of local characteristics and structure of the peri-urban settlement, their infrastructure and superstructure, which are considered significant in the analysis of existing conditions and trends.
Photographs were used to enhance participatory methods and reflect community environmental problems. They are to be used to give a better idea of the nature of the problems in the study areas.
A systematic random sampling technique was used in the selection of sampling units. Primary data were sourced through the use of questionnaire administration. Questionnaires were administered taking approximate samples from each of the sub-group of the population (males, females, youth, middle aged, elderly, workers, farmers, pensioners, students, housewives, females heading households, ultra-poor, rich etc.) through a systematic sampling method. The questionnaires were designed to collect information on the general condition of the peri-urban settlement. Information collected through the questionnaire includes data on the socio-economic characteristic of the respondents, health pattern of the respondents, housing and infrastructural conditions of the settlement, environmental quality and problems in the settlement, community development and perception, and the level of interaction with its urban cities.
These include the gender, age, religious affiliation, ethnicity, nationality, educational status, occupational status and income; data on the number, sex and age distribution of the household, data on the housing situation which includes location of residence, type, age, condition, construction materials and use of buildings, tenural and ownership status, utilities and services within the buildings, data on community facilities and perception, data on the respondents perception of environmental quality and problems in their settlements terms of pollution, environmental sanitation, water pollution, air pollution, community health and diseases in the town.

3.5.3. COMMUNITY FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT AND PERCEPTION SURVEY
Primary data were collected on flows and linkages viz their interaction with Ibadan; community facilities, and the respondents’ perception and involvement in community development efforts so as to assess their environmental problems and implication for health hazards. Data were also collected on the changes in the use and illegal conversion of land.\

3.6. ADMINISTRATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES
The questionnaire was administered to the respondents using a systematic random sampling technique. A total of 120 questionnaires was produced and administered on selected households; an individual from every 10th household was randomly picked to fill a questionnaire.

3.7. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
From the nature of the study and conceptual framework, statistical methods used in this study include descriptive and comparative statistics such as mean, and percentages. Some of these quantitative techniques were used to test the variables in the questionnaire.
The data generated from the questionnaire survey focused on the peri-urban settlers, and were subjected to frequency analysis and cross-tabulation. Also comparative method was adopted for further analysis of the various data to show how different variables fit together.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. ASSESSMENT OF THE PERI URBAN SETTLEMENT OF EGBEDA TOWN
This chapter presents the survey results in four sections. The first section deals with the examination of the socio-economic characteristics, the second section dealing with the level of infrastructural facilities in Egbeda, while the third section is on the environmental quality and problems and the health service of Egbeda. The fourth and last section is on the community development, and interplay of the interaction between Egbeda and Ibadan.
4.1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS
4.1.1. AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
From Table 4.1 below, the economic age bracket between the ages of 31 and 40 years are 5%, those between 41 to 50 years are 30%, while those between 51 to 60 years are 40%. Those above 60 years of age are 25%.
This goes to show that majority of the residents of this community are middle aged citizens who are independent.
Table 4.1 Age Distribution
Age Distribution Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent 31-40 6 5.0 5.0 41-50 36 30.0 35.0 51-60 48 40.0 75.0 61< 30 25.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
The pattern exhibited by the age distribution indicates that the Egbeda town peri-urban settlement is dominated by people in the active age population. This factor may largely be due to the fact that the axis is a transitory zone for able bodied men who were forced to move out of Ibadan into the adjoining peri-urban settlement, or people who moved due to the urban problems, most especially the rowdiness in the city. This shows that the peri-urban zone is a working zone.
4.1.2 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS The table below shows that majority (80%) of the respondents are males, while 20% are females. With respect to the distribution of gender by zones in this area, this goes to show that majority of the residents in the neighbourhood are independent.
Table 4.2 Sex
Sex Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Male 96 80.0 80.0 Female 24 20.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
Table 4.3 Sex * Age Cross-tabulation
Sex age Total 31-40 41-50 51-60 61< Male 6 24 42 24 96 Female 0 12 6 6 24
Total 6 36 48 30 120
Source: Field survey, 2010

The table above shows that six (6) out of the respondents surveyed are male and are between the age of 31-40 age group, while the 41-50 and 51-60 age groups are the most dominant in the town with 24 males and 12 females in the 41-50 age group, and 42 males and 6 females in the 51-60 age group, and finally, there are 24 males and 6 females in the 61 and above age group. This goes further to show that majority of the residents have stable lives and do not anticipate relocation.
4.1.3. ETHNICITY
The table below shows that 86.7% of the respondents in Egbeda are mainly Yorubas’, with 3.3% of the respondents being Hausas, while the remaining 10% are Igbo. This shows that the bases of the population in Egbeda are the Yorubas’ who have stayed around the settlement before becoming an interface with members of the other ethnic groups just coming in afterwards.
Table 4.4 Ethnicity
Ethnicity Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Yoruba 104 86.7 86.7 Hausa 4 3.3 90.0 Igbo 12 10.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010

4.1.4. EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
Education is a key determinant for measuring the standard of living in the study area. From the table below, it can be seen that every of the respondent has a minimum of a Primary school certificate. The analysis shows that 10% of the respondents had primary school certificate, 28.3% had secondary school certificate, 20% had an Ordinary National Diploma (OND) or Higher National Diploma (HND), 31.7% had a first degree and the remaining 10% had a National Certificate of Education (NCE) or its equivalent.

Table 4.5 Educational Level
Education Level Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent No basic education
Primary school 0
12 0
10.0 0
10.0
Secondary school 34 28.3 38.3 Polytechnic 24 20.0 58.3 University 38 31.7 90.0 College of education and others 12 10.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
One can deduce from the above table that a larger part of the residents are educated and are degree holders or has a tertiary institution certificate and are literate. This can be attributed to the settlement’s close proximity to Ibadan.
Table4.6 Ethnicity * Educational Level Cross-tabulation
Ethnicity Educational level Total primary school secondary school polytechnic university college of education and others Yoruba 12 24 24 32 12 104 Hausa 0 4 0 0 0 4 Igbo 0 6 0 6 0 12
Total 12 34 24 38 12 120
Source: Field survey, 2010 The table above gives an observed data of the distribution of the respondents and their level of education. From the survey, it reflects that the Yorubas’ are the most populated in the town thus having 32 out of the 38 respondents are university degree holders in the town are Yorubas. Of the Igbo respondents, 6 out of the 12 respondents are university degree holders while the remaining 6 are secondary school certificate holders. The 4 Hausa respondents surveyed were discovered to be secondary school certificate holders too. The remaining respondents being Yoruba distributes across each category with 12 respondents being primary school certificate holders, 24 respondents being secondary school certificate holders, 24 respondents being diploma holders, 12 respondents being college of education certificate or its equivalent’s holders and 32 being university degree holders as earlier mentioned.
4.1.5. MARITAL STATUS
In terms of the marital status of the respondents, the result of the analysis showed that there are more married than any other categories, with 95% of the respondents married, and 5% are either widows or widowers.
Table 4.7 Marital Status
Marital Status Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Single
Married 0
114 0
95.0 0
95.0
Divorced
Separated
Widow/Widower 0
0
6 0
0
5.0 0
0
100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010

4.1.6. OCCUPATION
The survey further revealed that trading and civil service are the major occupation of the peri-urban zone, representing 25% and 36.7% respectively, 5% are students, 8.3% are into farming, 10% are artisans, and the remaining 15% are retirees (Table 4.8).

Table 4.8 Occupation
Occupation Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Trading 30 25.0 25.0 Civil service 44 36.7 61.7 Student 6 5.0 66.7 Farming 10 8.3 75.0 Artisan 12 10.0 85.0 Retiree 18 15.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010

4.1.7. PLACE OF WORK
It is seen that majority of the respondents make use of the settlement’s proximity to Ibadan and work there, with about 56.7% of the respondents working in Ibadan, while about 31.7% of the respondents working in Egbeda and the remaining (indicated as missing in the table 4.9 below) representing the students and some of the retirees being 11.7% of the respondents.
This shows that the larger part of the town depends on the presence of and proximity to Ibadan to function properly. A dependent town can be regarded as a non-sustainable settlement.

Table 4.9 Place of Work
Place of work Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Within Egbeda 38 31.7 35.8 Within Ibadan 68 56.7 100.0 Total 106 88.3
Missing 14 11.7
Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
4.1.8. HOUSEHOLD INCOME LEVEL PER MONTH
While majority of the respondents (60%) are earning between N40,001 and N60,000 per month, those who are earning between N10,000 and N20,000 are 10% and 18.3% are earning between N20,001 and N40,000. While 5% earn between N60,001 and N80,000, 6.7% are earning between N80,001 and N100,000 respectively (Table 4.10). This shows that majority are average families or middle income earners.
Table 4.10 Household Income/Month
Household Income/Month Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Less than N10000
N10000-N20000 0
12 0
10.0 0
10.0
N20001-N40000 22 18.3 28.3 N40001-N60000 72 60.0 88.3 N60001-N80000 6 5.0 93.3 N80001-N100000
Above N100000 8
0 6.7
0 100.0

Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
4.2 HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES OF THE RESPONDENTS
4.2.1 AGE OF BUILDINGS
A study of ages of building is a reflection of the trends of development of the study area. As revealed by the survey, there had been a recent rise in the rate of development as indicated by the age of the buildings. A large proportion of buildings (56.7%) in the peri urban zone were built in the last 10 years. This translates that the spatial growth of the peri urban settlements has being on the increase due to the population increase and other urban related problems. The period that recorded the highest rate of building was between 6 to 10 years, which recorded almost half of the total buildings surveyed (See Table 4.11). This is followed by the period between 11-15 years recording a total of 23% of the total number of buildings, which is then followed by the period between 0-5 years recording a total of 15% of the total number of buildings, and the period between 16-20 years which records the lowest age of building at 5% of the total number of buildings surveyed.
Table 4.11 Age of Building
Age Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent 0-5 years 18 15.0 15.0 6-10 years 68 56.7 71.7 11-15 years 28 23.3 95.0 16-20 years 6 5.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010 Plate1. A newly built residential house in Egbeda town

4.2.2 YEARS OF RESIDENCE IN THE BUILDING
Of the total respondents surveyed in the study area, about 20% have been living in the area for more than 10 years, while 31.7% have been living there for less than 5 years. Also, 48.3% have been living in the area for the period between 6 and 10 years (Table 4.12).
In all, majority of the respondents have being living in the area for about 10 years.
Table 4.12 Years of Residence in the Building
Years Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent 0-5 yrs. 38 31.7 31.7 6-10 yrs. 58 48.3 80.0 above 10 yrs. 24 20.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010

Table 4.13 Age of Building * Years of Residence in the Building Cross-tabulation
Age of Building years of residence in the building Total 0-5 yrs. 6-10 yrs. above 10 yrs. 0-5 years 18 0 0 18 6-10 years 20 48 0 68 11-15 years 0 10 18 28 16-20 years 0 0 6 6
Total 38 58 24 120
Source: Field survey, 2010

The table above shows that 18 respondents out of the total respondents that have been living in the town for the past 0-5 years in a dwelling aged between 0-5 years, while 20 of the 68 respondents residing in a dwelling aged between 6-10 years have been living in the town for the past 0-5 years and the remaining 48 respondents have been living in the town for the past6-10 years. Of the 28 respondents living in a building aged between 11-15 years, 10 are respondents who have been living in the town for 6 years now or thereabout, while 18 of the respondents have been living in the town for more than 10 years. The remaining 6 respondents have been living in the town for more than 10 years in a dwelling residence aged between 16-20 years.
This observation shows that majority of the respondents aren’t just in the town as a result of migration, but moved as a result of the problems faced in Ibadan or their previous settlement of residence.

4.2.3 TENURE STATUS
The study sought to know the tenure status of respondents in the peri-urban settlements, and it was found that 95% of the respondents were owner-occupier, while just 5% were rented (Table 4.14).

Table 4.14 Tenure Status
Tenure status Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent owned 114 95.0 95.0 rented 6 5.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
These findings show that majority of people in the peri urban zone lived in Owner occupier buildings due to the transitory nature of the zone, instead of coming to live and pay rent in Ibadan.
4.2.4. ENERGY SOURCE FOR LIGHTING
From the table below, it can be seen that 91.7% of the respondents which represents the majority depend on PHCN as their primary source of energy for lighting their house, while 5% and 3.3% make use of kerosene lamps and generators respectively.
Table 4.15 Energy/Fuel used mainly for Lighting
Energy/Fuel Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent electricity 110 91.7 91.7 kerosene 6 5.0 96.7 generator 4 3.3 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
The above analysis shows that the quantity of electricity service supply in the area is quite impressive, but many do not resort to making use of electricity for cooking because of the cost of paying for the service or the quality of the electricity being supplied. The analysis looks at the quantity of supply of electricity in the town and not the quality of electricity being supplied to the residents of the town.
4.2.5. WASTE DISPOSAL
From the analysis conducted, it is shown that 36.7% of the respondents make use of garbage collector to dispose their wastes, while 60% of the respondents dispose their wastes via refuse dump and burning (Table 4.16).
Table 4.16 Disposal of wastes
Waste Disposal Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent collected by garbage collectors 44 36.7 36.7 Refuse dumps and burning 72 60.0 100.0 Total 116 96.7
Missing System 4 3.3
Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010

From the table above, it can be inferred that the quality of health in the town won’t be without its shortcomings, i.e. the quality of the environmental health and sanitation can be regarded as satisfactory in the town. Refuse dumping and burning increases the amount of littering across the town and release of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere, which in turn may make the environment eye-sore and increases the chance of the residents to contact air-borne diseases. Plate2. A garbage drum placed outside a house for garbage collector to empty.

Plate3. Refuse collected in front of a house for burning.

4.3. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
4.3.1. CHANGES IN PERI URBAN DEVELOPMENT INDICES
Respondents were asked to assess changes in certain peri urban growth indices that have occurred in Egbeda town since the outward expansion of Ibadan city. Such indices that were assessed include electricity supply, water supply, security, and cost of travel, traffic flow, land value, rent value, crime rate and level of pollution (Table 4.17).
Table 4.17 Changes in Peri-Urban Growth Indices
S/N INDICES IMPROVED WORSENED DON’T KNOW
1 Electricity 56.7% 40% 3.3%
2 Water Supply 55% 36.7% 8.3%
3 Security 81.7% 5% 13.3%
4 Cost of Travel 35% 20% 45%
5 Traffic Flow 15% 81.7% 3.3%
6 Land Value 81% 5.7% 13.3%
7 Rent Value 76.7% 5% 18.3%
8 Crime 71.7% 5% 23.3%
9 Level of Pollution 10% 76.7% 13.3%
Source: Field survey, 2010
On electricity supply, the survey revealed that 40% of the respondents believed that it has worsened, while 56.7% said it has improved. 36.7% rated water supply as worsened, while 55% rated it as having improved and 8.3% of the respondents have no opinion. Security in the peri-urban zone was adjudged to have worsened by 5% of the respondents, while 81.7% considered it to have improved. Cost of travel within the peri-urban zone, were believed by 20% to be worsened, while 45% are not aware, with the remaining 35% of the respondents rated it to have improved. Traffic flow in the peri-urban zone was rated by 81.7% of the respondents as worsened, while 15% rated it to have improved and 3.3% have no opinion on the matter. 81% of the respondents believe the land value of the settlement as improving, 5.7% see it as worsening, while 13.3% don’t know what to think. The rent value of the peri-urban zone is also adjudged by 76.7% of the respondents to be improving, while 5% of the respondents however think it is worsening, and 18.3% of the respondents don’t have an opinion on this matter. The crime rate within the settlement has dropped with 71.7% of the respondents believing the area has improved on the basis of crime, while 5% of the respondents believes the area has worsened in terms of crime, 23.3% of the respondents are on unsure of what to think. 76.7% of the respondents agree the level of pollution in the area is getting worse, while 10% thinks it is getting better, and 13.3% don’t know what to think.
From the analysis above, it is seen supply (in terms of quantity) of major utility services in the town such as the electricity and the water service are considered to be improving by majority of the respondents, though it can be argued from a critical view that the quantity (and quality in case of electricity) are worsening considering the closeness of the percentage level of the improving and worsening indices. The traffic flow in the town is considered to be worse due to the nature of traffic congestion on the Iwo road, Ibadan expressway. The security of the town too is seen as improving, while the crime rate is seen as low; this infers that town is still rural in perception and majority of the residents has a job which they depend on. The land value of the town is regarded as improved due to the fact that outsiders are coming to settle down in the town which is leading to inflation in the land value of the town; this also affects the rent value of the town. With the increase in the population of the town, the level of waste generated increases. These wastes are majorly solid and liquid wastes. Plate4. Solid and liquid waste dumped along the road in the town.
The table below shows the trend of the increment of the land value of the town from 1999 to 2010.
Table4.18. Land value increment for every three years.
YEAR VALUE (IN NAIRA)
1999 9000
2001 45,000
2004 120,000
2007 180,000
2010 250,000
Source: Department of works and housing, Egbeda L.G
This shows the rapid rise in land value in the town due to the population growth in the town.
4.3.2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM
The environmental problems identified by the respondents showed that erosion (85%) was the most prominent problem experienced by the residents of the settlement, followed by loss of natural sites to development and other activities (10%), and occupation of environmentally sensitive land by people follows the prominent problems experienced (Table 4.19). These issues cannot be separated from the environmental problems affecting the sustainability of the natural resource base of a town.
Table 4.19 Environmental problem associated with land in your area
Environmental Problems Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent occupation of environmentally sensitive land 6 5.0 5.0 loss of natural sites 12 10.0 15.0 erosion 102 85.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
The town’s environment is seen to be mainly suffering from erosion; this is due to the effect of the various residential developments going on in the town. The problem of erosion is also aggravated by the cases of leaking pipes that are supposed to channel water to the dwellings; this destroys the road and also affects the quantity of water reaching the residents. Light industries such as sawmills, also contribute to the problems faced in this environment through their activities of felling trees and not replacing the felled trees. Plate5. A road in the town that has severely been affected by erosion
4.3.3. MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH FACILITY
The presence of health facilities in any settlement is a measure of growth in any settlement. From the survey, it was discovered that there was only a health center in the town, with few clinics and maternity center. The presence and maintenance of the health facilities in a town are considered as important aspect in the growth and development of any settlement, and the presence of just one major health facility in the town is insufficient. This implies that the residents of the town are at risk of health complications due to the poor health service provided to them.
With majority of the respondents agreeing that the government should be solely responsible for providing of health facilities and maintaining them, the analysis below reveals that 43.3% of the respondents surveyed agree that the health facilities in the town are properly maintained, 41.7% disagrees with this and are of the opinion that the facilities are not properly maintained, while 15% don’t really know the situation of the facilities (Table 4.20).
Table 4.20 Maintenance of Health Facility (ies)
Maintenance Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent yes 52 43.3 43.3 no 50 41.7 85.0 i don 't know 18 15.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
The analysis proves what is earlier stated that the quality of the health service in the town is poor.

4.3.4. PROBLEMS OF HEALTH FACILITY
Majority (55%) of the respondent considers the services of the health facilities to be satisfactory, 30% of the respondents think it is fair, 5% considers it to be very satisfactory, and the remaining 10% regard the services as not satisfactory (Table 4.21).
Table 4.21 Assessment of service delivery of Health Facility
Health facility service Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent very satisfactory 6 5.0 5.0 satisfactory 66 55.0 60.0 fair 36 30.0 90.0 not satisfactory 12 10.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
Most agreed it is without its problems, and prominent among these problems are lack of staff in these facilities (40%), 30% thinks the facilities do not just lack staffs but also has poor facilities, transportation, and other problems. 15% thinks the major problem with these facilities is transportation, while 5% identified it as others (Table 4.22).
Table 4.22 Problem(s) confronting health-care services delivery in the town
Problems Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent poor facilities 18 15.0 15.0 lack of staff 48 40.0 55.0 transportation 12 10.0 65.0 all of the above 36 30.0 95.0 others 6 5.0 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010

4.4. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PERCEPTION
This section deals with the development of the town in recent years. From the survey, majority of the respondent just moved in to the area in the past ten to fifteen years, only few of the respondents have stayed in the town for over fifteen years. The pie chart below shows the percentage (78.3%) of respondents that just moved in to the town to the percentage (21.7%) of respondents that have been staying in the town before.
Fig.3. Pie chart showing the percentage of people who just moved in to the people staying in the town before Source: Field survey, 2010
Majority of the respondents are of the opinion that the present situation of the town is better than the condition of their previous location. Either way, the living condition of the peri-urban settlement can be regarded as positive because more people are moving in to the town, and this contributes to the developmental or environmental projects in the town.

4.4.1. CONTRIBUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL/DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS
The table below shows the various means by which members of the peri-urban settlement will contribute to certain projects in development of the settlement. It was observed that a considerable number of the respondents will put their financial and mental efforts to the development of religious institutions which they consider as a project to be carried out by the community. While projects such as building a school, building a health-care unit, building a youth center, water and sanitary drainage projects, and traffic management, environmental cleaning and tree planting is considered as a developmental project for the government to implement and they would only contribute to these projects mentally by giving their opinion to such matters. It was also observed that projects pertaining to direct environmental projects such as filling up a pond, paving or filling a road and clearing of drains require the mental and physical (effort) contribution of the respondents to these projects, as they experience the direct effects of these projects in their daily activities.
Table 4.23 Contribution to the developmental/environmental project
Type of Participation
Projects Financial Effort Opinion Land Others, Specify
Building a school 6.7% 5% 70% 0% 18.3%
Building a religious institution 36.7% 5% 35% 0% 23.3%
Building healthcare unit 5% 0% 60% 0% 35%
Building a youth center 0% 0% 35% 0% 65%
Filling up a pond 5% 10% 25% 0% 60%
Paving/filling a road 20% 31.7% 40% 0% 8.3%
Clearing of drains 5% 41.7% 50% 0% 3.3%
Water and sanitary drainage projects 0% 10% 76.7% 0% 13.3%
Traffic management
Environmental cleaning
Tree planting 10% 10% 71.7% 0% 8.3%
Source: Field survey, 2010
Majority of the respondents (75%) surveyed expressed their readiness in working on the implementation of any project for the town based on the premise that developmental projects for the town should be carried out by both the government and the community, while 25% of the respondent surveyed expressed they aren’t ready to participate in any developmental work or project for the town (Fig. 2). The protagonists believe the development of the town should solely be the responsibility of the government so long they are paying their taxes (Fig. 3). This affects the rate at which the town will develop and a settlement where the government and the people work together to build the town will develop faster than a town where the development is made solely the responsibility of the government.
Fig.4. Implementation of project Source: Field survey, 2010

Fig.5. Developmental/Environmental responsibility Source: Field survey, 2010

4.4.2. NATURE OF INTERACTION WITH IBADAN
This reveals the nature of interaction of each respondent with Ibadan. From the survey conducted, 46.7% of the respondents interacts with Ibadan because they work there, 15% of the respondents also interact with Ibadan mainly to trade, this is also a source of income, hence can also be viewed as work. 33.3% of the respondent interacts with Ibadan because of the social and cultural interactions already established in Ibadan before relocating, 5% of the respondent interacts with Ibadan because of some of the urban services unavailable to them yet in Egbeda but available in Ibadan (Table 4.24).

Table 4.24 Nature of your interaction with Ibadan
Nature of interaction Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent work 56 46.7 46.7 trading 18 15.0 61.7 infrastructural facilities 6 5.0 66.7 social-cultural interactions 40 33.3 100.0 Total 120 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010
A study of the responses to the nature of their interaction with Ibadan has revealed that the larger majority of respondents visit Ibadan to work or trade while others visit for social engagements and cultural interactions, political affiliations and the level of infrastructural development respectively.
However, as a result of the interaction with Ibadan, certain effects or impacts were created in Egbeda town, using such indices as house rent, land value, traffic intensity and population growth, housing density, urban growth rate, crime rate and urban sprawl development.
This analysis was based on the perceived effects the majority of the respondents that land value has increased consequent upon the interaction of Ibadan. Also believed to have increased are such indices as house rent, traffic intensity, population growth, housing density, urban spatial growth rate, and environmental problems. Urban sprawl and the crime rate are the only stable activity, while land availability has reduced considerably occasioned by the different types of development taking place in the settlement.
When asked about relocating back to Ibadan, majority refused stating peaceful environment of the town as a major reason for their choosing to remain in Egbeda town; also, some of the respondents see no reason to relocate since they are already settled in the town already (Fig. 6).
Fig.6. Preference Source: Field survey, 2010
4.4.3. PROXIMITY TO IBADAN
The effect of the close proximity of Ibadan to Egbeda town was assessed, the opinion of the respondents are reflected in the table below.
Table 4.25 Effects of close proximity to Ibadan Indices Increased Stable Reduced a House Rent 71.7% 28.3% 0% b Land Value 86.7% 13.3% 0% c Traffic Intensity 91.7% 3.3% 5% d Population Growth 91.7% 3.3% 5% e Housing Density 86.7% 8.3% 5% f Urban Growth Rate 86.7% 8.3% 5% g Urban Crime Rate 10% 65% 25% h Urban Sprawl 5% 35% 60% i Land availability 10% 70% 20% j Environment problems 86.7% 3.3% 10%
Source: Field survey, 2010
The growth of Egbeda town as a peri-urban settlement and its reflection on the environmental quality of life of the residents has been found to have been largely influenced by its close proximity to Ibadan and this situation has created a number of environmental effects on the peri-urban settlement as shown above. Increase in house rent, land value, traffic intensity, population growth, housing density, urban growth rate and environmental problems show that the town is growing, and some of the population in Ibadan are being shed out to Egbeda, thus the increase in environmental problems and the sharp rise in land and rent value. The reduction in the availability of land in the town also buttresses this observation. The analysis also shows that the blighted areas in the town have not increased in the recent years but stable. Development in the town has further reduced the occurrence of blighted areas and slum areas.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the findings from the analysis in Chapter Four against the background of the aims and objectives, the conceptual framework and literature review in Chapter Two and the information on the Ibadan peri-urban settlement as presented in Chapter Three. This chapter summarizes the issues dealt with in the preceding chapters to support the conclusions of the research and formulation of recommendations.
5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The dissertation has attempted to appraise the environmental management problems of the peri-urban settlement of Ibadan, with a view to identifying factors for its growth and management using Egbeda town as a case study. The study discovered that a lot of researches have been carried out on peri-urban settlements, such as the Lagos Megacity (Mabogunje, 1985) and little has been done on the peri urban settlements and its environmental management problems. It is on this note that this research was embarked upon.
The study investigated the environmental management problems affecting peri-urban settlements, in terms of their physical development, socio-economic and political characteristics and approaches for growth, the effects of the proximity of Ibadan (urban settlement) to Egbeda town (peri-urban settlement), as well as the rate of interaction between them in order to assess the influence of the urban settlement on the peri-urban settlement.
Most of the analysis in this chapter is based on the findings of the case studies; the various interpretations of the peri-urban interface and environmental management issues, to arrive at a consensus on its conceptualization. The first section is concerned with providing a working definition for the analysis of the environmental management problems of the peri-urban settlements. It goes on to discuss the assumptions that informed the working definition adopted in this document, with the aim of providing some key concepts for understanding the role and significance of the peri-urban interface in environmental terms. This section draws a series of conclusions from the above analysis, highlighting the implications for environmental management problems of the peri-urban settlements:
The city of Ibadan in recent years has continued to experience population influx which leads to growth in the economic activities of the city. This study presents a trend analysis of the population and spatial growth of Ibadan. The main factors behind formulating the urban - rural linkages that are widely known and defined as PUI areas especially are described below;
1. Urban growth of Ibadan city which has occupied fertile agricultural lands that were previously rural settlements around the city leading to the phenomenal growth and expansion of the city.
2. Urban Sprawl (Urban-rural migration) especially to adjoining settlements of Ibadan caused by high population growth. Other factors leading to the migration include: lack of equivalent economic opportunities, lack of employment opportunities, availability of better services as well as spread of political power and wealth in the major urban centers to new Local Government headquarters that were created.
An easily notable effect of the urban settlement of the city of Ibadan on the peri-urban settlement of Egbeda town is the phenomenal increase in the population of the settlement over time due to massive relocation of residents from the city. Study of the trends of population growth pattern of Ibadan and that of Egbeda town shows direct positive correlation. This research found out that about 78.3% of the people in Egbeda town moved in from Ibadan, and majority of this group moved in less than 10 years ago. Factors such as cheaper land, cheaper rent, social engagements and cultural interactions, political affiliations nearness to Ibadan and nearness to work place were identified as reasons for moving.
The intense interaction between Ibadan and Egbeda town suggests that the spatial pull of Ibadan reaches the peri-urban axis of Egbeda town and a dominant commuting pattern between them exists with great implications for the entire peri-urban settlement. A large number of people living in the peri-urban settlement were found to be working in Ibadan and commuting to Ibadan on daily basis. This study found that about 88.3% of the respondents commute to Ibadan on daily basis and about majority of this group do so for employment purpose only.
Another observation made is the increase on house rent and land values as a result of the closeness of Ibadan. The value of land and house rent in Egbeda town has risen sharply especially between the last 10 and 15 years. The study of land and housing development pattern in Egbeda town shows that 86.7% of the respondents agree land value has increased, which relates directly with upsurge in its population resulting from the spill over from Ibadan.
Also, the issue of land use has been found to be a major problem in the town due to the uncoordinated growth of Ibadan, and the unplanned settlements along the peri-urban corridors of Egbeda town with the attendant land use conflicts, there is the threat of growing environmental problems. It therefore implies that activities in Ibadan have spilled-over into the adjoining peri urban settlement.
As the Egbeda town peri-urban settlement grows in spatial dimensions as a result of the forces exerted by Ibadan, most of the development occurring along the axis of the peri urban settlements are largely mixed use residential, commercial, institutional use in nature, but, the spate of speed of this developments activities has outstripped environmental management process necessary for proper development and planning of peri urban areas.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON FINDINGS
The objectives of this study go beyond merely assessing the peri-urban settlement of developing countries; it is also aimed at proffering sustainable environmental management process and approaches solution for the development of the peri urban settlement. The findings of this study have brought into focus some developmental and institutional policy issues in which the peri-urban settlements in developing countries have to be managed.
Inherent in the environmental management strategy for the peri urban settlements should be the availability of electricity and water as well as good road networks and efficient management of waste, socio-economic services and a 24-hour security alertness, which in sum will help to create the enabling environment for the peri urban settlements.
The safety and security policy must also encourage the articulation of programmes to fence off or develop such areas and thus protect them against easy incursions by members of the public.
The establishment of Police/Public Relations Committee in every community within the peri-urban settlements to enhance the achievement of a high level of security of lives and property should be promoted by the Nigerian Police, while residents and Neighbourhood Associations should be assisted by the Police to establish their own “Neighbourhood Watch” through workshops and other enlightenment campaigns.
Apart from the problem of solid waste and generally poor environmental sanitation, peri-urban settlements suffers from water and air pollution due to the poor waste disposal facilities, and traffic intensity along the Expressway. Citizens in the peri-urban settlements must be mandated by the local governments to maintain clean and sanitary environment and every household must own refuse dust-bin for their waste materials.
Governments should relocate and merge many of the existing public centers such as markets, motor parks, bus terminals, abattoirs and re-develop with adequate infrastructural facilities.
Deliberate policy of providing public toilets and restroom in public places must be taken in hand by the local government and enforced within the peri-urban settlements. Also since the task of improving the quality of the environment is a local affair, the Local Government should strive to know the leadership of their neighbourhood communities or resident associations to facilitate processes of enlightenment and information dissemination on matters of sanitary improvement and general environment development of peri-urban settlements.
A participatory planning strategy which seeks to involve the residents themselves in determining their management of their environment, their needs in terms of the priority infrastructure and services required their willingness to contribute to the cost of providing such facilities and their engagement in poverty-reduction activities to improve on their social, economic and political situation need to be put in place in the peri-urban settlements.
All types of open spaces and ecological sensitive sites within the peri-urban settlements should be identified, fenced off and developed, and provide them with requisite infrastructural facilities.
Road discipline must therefore be regarded as an essential factor in making the Expressway network efficient in facilitating the movement of goods and people within the peri-urban settlements.
Lastly as policy guidelines, the above recommendations, if carried out would go a long way in ameliorating the externalities imposed on the peri-urban settlements by outward growth and expansion of the urban settlements.

5.4. IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING The summary of research findings as highlighted above has shown that while efforts are focused on the urban region (Ibadan) and the problems they engendered, little has been done for the peri-urban settlements and the externalities imposed on them by the urban settlements. The peri-urban settlements suffer a number of externalities imposed upon them as a result of their proximity to the rapidly expanding urban cities. In this study of the assessment of the peri-urban settlements in developing countries, it was revealed that proximity and influence of the urban city (Ibadan) on the peri-urban settlements results in the Incompatible mixture of land uses and conversion of green areas. The incompatibility of mixed uses has created a bad situation in the peri-urban settlements with excessive noise, air pollution, traffic congestion, poor environmental sanitation, hence the need to mobilize control over these incompatible land uses. Lack of planning in the peri-urban settlements has led to poor circulation and lack of social facilities, uncontrolled use of agricultural land and loss of valuable resources.

5.5. CONCLUSION
The rapid aerial growth and expansion of Ibadan as an urban center has worsened the state of the environment in the peri-urban settlements around it which includes Egbeda town; most of these peri urban settlements grew to become unplanned areas, resulting in accumulation of air pollution, loosing of prime agricultural land, pollution of rivers and drains, inadequate solid waste collection, insufficient secondary wastewater treatment capacity, Lack of on-site management system, high traffic intensity an bottlenecks, traffic related air pollution and lack of viable housing options for the poor
This study has revealed the environmental management problems of peri-urban settlements, the provision and quality of infrastructural services and the level of development of the peri-urban settlements as a result of the outward growth and expansion of the urban center of Ibadan using the specific case study of Egbeda town This study identifies the major issues in environmental management problems in the peri-urban settlement of Egbeda town and suggests options for action at the national state and local levels. Also, this study outlines areas for improving the response to peri-urban growth within an environmental management framework. The major elements that were considered are the need for a positive approach to peri-urban development in development planning; the need for effective governance of the peri-urban settlements of Ibadan; environmental management of the peri-urban settlement and the coordination of development proposals and implementation mechanisms for infrastructure, housing and land supply in the peri-urban settlements.
An important feature of the planning process is that landowners must seek planning approval for any development, change of use of the land or the density of occupation, since all such development proposals require the provision of adequate infrastructure and social services by the relevant public authorities.
The many socio-economic and environmental problems currently found in Egbeda town, a peri-urban settlement of Ibadan, make it imperative that efforts are made to define the parameters for environmental management and sustainable patterns of peri-urban management.

5.6. SUGGESTED AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
This study makes a quantitative assessment of peri-urban settlements and its relative influence on urban settlements in the developing world. An area that is getting very important in these countries as urbanization rate continues to grow.
Therefore, in searching for innovation in the field, this research provides a new knowledge in this regard; focusing on the influence of Egbeda town on the existence and population increase in the town as a result of Ibadan’s proximity.
Study into specific problem areas that shed light on the ways in which the peri-urban is constructed and perceived and how peri-urban zones fit into the respective administrative and policy frameworks of different institutional, political, environmental, economic and socio-cultural dimensions of peri urban settlements are suggested for future research efforts
Also the study of peri-urban environmental change that will examines the scientific understanding of peri-urban areas; the transition zone, or interaction zone, where urban and rural activities are juxtaposed.

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