Direct competitive cocaine immunoassay was performed in a transparent high binding 96 well microtiter plate. Each well was coated with 200 µL of 1mg/L anti-mouse IgG in PBS (phosphate buffered saline, 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 70 mM sodium hydrogen phosphate, 145 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.6). The microtiter plate was left over night for shaking at 750 rpm. Therefore, the plate was washed three times with automatic 96-channel plate washer by washing buffer (45 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, 0,375 mM dipotassium phosphate. 1.5 M Potassium sorbate, Tween 20, pH 7.6). Afterwards, 200µL of benzoylecgonine (BEC) antibody diluted in PBS (0.005 µg/mL) was added to each well and incubated for 1 hour with shaking. This step was preceded by three cycles of washing and 100 µL of standards were added to each well.…
Dopamine can also play a role in addictive behaviors, and cocaine is a severe drug in addiction (Depue& Collins, 1999). Cocaine inhibits the natural order of dopamine. Once the dopamine is set free, it is reused into a dopamine transmitting neuron. Cocaine binds to the dopamine, and does not allow it to be reused. This causes an increase of dopamine and overflows specific neural areas, the overflow stops after a half hour, and the person is feeling the way he or she did before, and this is how the addiction begins (Stocker, 1999).…
Cocaine is identified as (C17H21NO4). Cocaine is an addictive stimulant that affects key pleasure centers within the brain and causes heightened euphoria. The hydrochloride salt, which is a powdered form of cocaine, can be dissolved in water and injected or snorted. It is derived from the coca plant and is primarily found in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Crack cocaine is the crystal form of cocaine. It comes in crystals or solid blocks varying in color from pale rose, yellow or white. Crack is the most potent form of cocaine and is also the riskiest. It is between 75% and 100% pure, far stronger than regular cocaine. Since cocaine has a high cost, crack is sold at very low prices. The common method of ingesting crack is smoking, where it makes…
Cocaine (acute effects, history, other effects, speedballing, dangers of use, tolerance and sensitization, withdrawal, dangerous interactions with other drugs, health effects, effects on baby, treatment)…
What are some short-term effects of using cocaine? Some short-term effects of using cocaine are as follows: Constricted blood vessels, increases blood pressure and heart rate. It also produces feelings of euphoria as well as anxiety, depression, and excitement. It can also cause seizures and even an overdose. Other effects are increased temperature, and dilated pupils, nervousness, and some paranoia. It produces a feeling of increased energy and well-being. Long-term effects include erratic, delusional or paranoid paranoia. Smoking crack cocaine can produce a particularly aggressive paranoid behavior in users. When addicted individuals stop using cocaine, they often become depressed. Prolonged cocaine snorting can result in ulceration of the mucous membrane of the nose. Acute cocaine poisoning leads to profound CNS stimulations, progressing to convulsions, which can lead to respiratory or cardic arrest.…
Crack and cocaine have three similar effects on the body. Although crack is heat resistant and cocaine is damaged by heat, both cause hypertension. Also, crack and cocaine bring about physical and mental damage, depending on pre-existing conditions and the amount of drug used. Hallucination, insanity, paranoia and aggressive behavior can occur, and an overdose of either may cause heart failure or a seizure. Finally, use of both drugs can lead to addiction.…
Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and wrongful convictions. Current prison populations show a higher population of African Americans and Hispanic men leading some to believe that a sentencing disparities caused by racial prejudices and discrimination are the causes. Sentencing disparities occur when offenders with similar criminal histories who have committed the same offense receive much different penalties. Data has shown that Hispanics and African Americans have received harsher punishments compared to whites for similar crimes. Wrongful convictions occur when an innocent person is found guilty by either plea or verdict. The development of DNA testing has increased the number of people convicted by juries and later exonerated by science. In 2004 congress passed the Justice for All Act which implemented funds for DNA testing on a backlog of over 300,000 rape kits and other crime-scene evidence. In 1986 the drug crack was a major story in the news. Feeding off the crack fear, Congress pass the Anti-Drug Abuse Act which made the possession of 5 grams or more of crack a mandatory 5 year prison sentence. The impact of this law led to a steep rise in the number of…
Cocaine is a drug that has been on this planet for thousands of years. When it comes to drugs, It is also very dangerous. This drug comes mostly from South Africa and is from coco plants. This plant was used for a stimulant for the people, to help you breath more because of the mountain ranges back then. They used to use it to help them breath but they never extracted the actual drug from it yet. But he In fact, stimulants can contain caffeine. Back in the 1880's Coca Cola put a tiny bit of Cocaine in their soda. This was made to make people feel better about themselves and To make it taste better. This drug goes back over 3000 years ago, but was not as popular at the time. Popularity of this drug grew ton when the time came in 1890 and on. Cocaine is a serious drug because you can get hooked on it very fast. By first taste some people suffer from addiction. To this day many people are addicted to this drug and wishes they can stop. Side effects can be a change in behavior, hard time…
No, we should not count on drugs in dealing with osteoporosis because we will tend to forget the little things in the end which truly help us maintain strong and healthy bones, such as lifting weights and eating healthy. Many will use this as an excuse so that they may not have to…
The late 1990’s was a rough period of time for young African Americans. Many African Americans faced oppression that was not seen by their caucasian counterparts. Young African Americans were seen as the lower class of American society and did not receive the same benefits that the white youth had. Stereotyping and other forms of discrimination forced many young African Americans into lives of poverty. Overcoming adversity was a major part of young African Americans’ life. According to Watkins, 44 percent of all African Americans under the age of 18 lived in poverty at the end of the 1980’s, compared to 11 percent of white Americans(Watkins 56). The long term impoverishment of African americans led to the term of underclass being applied solely…
The first Cocaine Era begins ruffly around 2500 BCE in South America. The Peruvian South Americans chewed on the Erythoxylan Shrub, which contains cocaine in its leaves. Historians believe that the use of this stimulant assisted this small, contained community to want to branch out and spread across the contenent. The cocaine provided the South AMericans with the energy and motivation to strive to make architectual and social advancements. This era of cocaine use was by far the least negative. The leaves the people sucked on were not nearly as potent as cocaine is today. The second cocaine era begun in the 19th century. This era is a huge turning point in the way cocaine effects societies. Scientist began experimenting with plants that had cocaine on their leaves to try and extract the cocaine itself. They ended up making the highly potent white powder that we know as cocaine today. After this discovery millions of people were using cocaine. This new drug was saught out to be a super drug that had no downfall. Coca- Cola even put cocaine in their extremely popular beverage. People didn't realize the true harm of cocaine at this time, in fact it was used medicinally for illnesses including depression, hysteria, digestive disorders, nervous exhuastion, and even drug addiction. Once scientist did studies and realized that cocaine is a very dangerous substance, and a very addictive substance cocaine was placed as a schedule 1 drug and endorsed as a dangerous drug rather than a super drug. The third, and most recent cocaine era began in the 1980's. The third era began after some scientist made the clam that cocaine really was not as dangerous as they made it out to be. Cocaine became glamorized by popular celebrities. With the scientist basically endorsing the drug, and celebrities glamorizing it cocaine became immensly popular. The demand for cocaine went way up and the prices went way down. Every group in society was effected by the 1980's…
References: Adult Health Advisor. (Last updated: 2005). Cocaine Intoxication. Retrieved: May 1, 2007 from http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_cocintox_bha.htm…
Taken in small amounts, cocaine usually makes the user feel euphoric, energetic, talkative, and mentally alert, especially to the sensations of sight, sound, and touch. It can also temporarily decrease the need for food and sleep. Some users find that the drug helps them perform simple physical and intellectual tasks more quickly, although others experience the opposite effect.…
There have been questions regarding cocaine along the lines of “Aren’t crack cocaine and powder cocaine the same drug?” and the answer is yes. Do they result in the same penalties under the court of law if caught possessing such drugs? Well, in a way, both yes and no. The same penalties are given for the same conviction, however, both must meet different requirements in order for the same punishment to be given.…
Crack cocaine and powder cocaine are used interchangeably in research, but there are extreme differences between the two. They differ from one another chemically, production, use, cost, and effect. They are so different that they carry different sentences depending on the offender. Cocaine is referred to as a stimulant because of the euphoric, energetic and mentally alert feelings it produces (Cocaine.org, 2016). Powder cocaine is much more expensive and it cannot be smoked like crack cocaine. Cocaine when snorted has the slowest effect which can take up to twenty minutes and the effect only lasting for an hour (Cocaine.org, 2016). Cocaine, if injected, can reach the nervous system within one minute and the effects lasting for thirty minutes.…