Boxing was one of the most popular sport’s in 1960,The famous boxer Muhammad Ali had a brilliant amateur career. Women track was another one the woman was winning championships and were moving fast towards the men athletics, In 1969, one of the first African Americans allowed on the tour, Charlie Sifford, won a major tournament, the Los Angeles Open, signaling a tentatively broken color line. A lot of things affected sports in the 60s like the Vietnam war and the Civil war and racism. By 1967, the Vietnam War had been raging for almost eight years. Muhammad Ali got a letter that changed his life and in many ways the relationship between sports and politics. At the time the U.S. government held an annual draft to fill the ranks of the armed forces . Ali was aware of this, and for months had been trying to have himself classified as a “conscientious objector.” Ali felt his beliefs in Islam,specifically his membership in the American Black Muslim movement ( which he had joined in 1964), prohibited him from fighting in a war. However, the government did not want Ali to become a symbol of Black Muslim power. The fateful letter told him he had…
Faculty speaker Dr. Demetrius Pearson talked about the shock or excitement of Brooklyn and its socio-cultural ways due to the acts and life of legendary baseball player Jackie Robinson. The researched that was introduced to the audience was mainly garnered from books, special collections, as well as interviews from people first-hand. To start off, the past setting that was the Borough of Brooklyn was a fairly diverse melting pot with all types of races and ethnics that some say made the transition of a black male to enter an all-white league less difficult. The cross Robinson did not only affected the team and more importantly Brooklyn, but also provided a gateway for other African-Americans to seek out greater opportunities in bigger leagues. Dr. Pearson describe Robinson as having characteristics that resembled Ghandi, Dr. Martin Luther King, and even President Barack Obama, easily seen by his peaceful and non-conflictive behavior while being a nontraditional leader challenging the status quo of that era.…
The United States government and the boxing industry was not at peace with the manner in which Johnson paraded around with White women by breaking Whites rules and taboos established by powerful White men who controlled the world. Johnson was a huge robust Black male, who made a living punishing men in the boxing ring, in most cases White men. Finally they got their way as he would go on to lose his boxing title after being jailed several times by the White establishment on ridiculous offenses classified as Manner Acts. Rhoden also briefly discusses the similar involvement between the United States and Muhammad Ali’s racial struggles with the injustice system within the states that includes both victories and defeats as they are all interconnected to racial disharmony between Blacks and Whites in the world of…
In the United States, The Nation is the oldest continuously published magazine; as well as the most commonly read journal of cultural, political news, opinion and analysis (The Nation). Therefore, it is likely that Zirin is writing for a very specific audience looking for a quality analysis on culture within sports. That being said, it is imminent that he crafts an article to meet the desires of The Nation’s readers. Throughout the article there are many references to other people that were interviewed, and literature that is relevant. For example, Zirin early states, “Lin’s having “no transcendental meaning” would be news to the people I spoke with for this article, including Jeff Chang, author of the award-winning Can’t Stop Won’t Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation and the forthcoming Who We Be: The Colorization of America; Helen Gym, a board member at Asian Americans United in Philadelphia; and William Wong, a long-time journalist from Oakland” (24). By referring to other’s with more extensive knowledge about Asian-Americans, he can include more extensive information, ergo building his invented…
Politics had a huge influence on sports in the 1960s, mainly in college football 1969. In 1969 undefeated Texas played undefeated and southwest conference rival Arkansas, and President Richard Nixon declared that he would attend the game and that the winner of the game would be national champions. That decision was highly controversial because many people thought that it wasn’t the president’s place to make that kind of decision. Many felt that another undefeated team should be considered for a national champion and those people were mainly fans of Penn State and USC, but the decision stayed the same and Texas became the 1969 national champions.(Hirshburg, Kennedy, and Deitsch) In the 1960s, there was still segregation laws in the United States and sports helped to end these laws by having African Americans in key positions, for instance, in 1966 Bill Russell became the first African American coach in the NBA. this helped with integration in the 60s and because fans of sports teams treated the black players on their favorite teams just like a white player they started to treat all blacks like they would treat all whites.(1960s…
Imagine that for your whole life you had dreamed about becoming a professional at your favorite sport only to be shot down by something that you can not control. The color of your skin. You have the skills, the determination, and an unbelievable work ethic, but no you couldn’t play. But then everything changed when a man came along by the name of Jack Roosevelt Robinson better known as Jackie. Jackie Robinson changed the nation for the better through the effect that he had outside of baseball. In this essay I will explain to you how his career opened up other opportunities for future athletes, How his career affected the civil rights movement, and finally how the hatred and cruelty he received from whites exemplifies white supremacy.…
One of the points that Zirin touches on plenty in this piece is racism in sports. As the reader gets proceeds through this book, he or she will realize that racism hasn’t evaporated and some might say that it has gotten worse. In the first chapter, he speaks about the racism that occurred in baseball with black and brown players. He highlights Roberto Clemente who is widely recognized as one of the greatest player in baseball history. Zirin states that Roberto had an older brother named Matino who he says “was the better ball player”. His dreams were cut down by Jim Crow laws. Zirin says that even the press was extremely racist towards Clemente while doing interviews with him. They would mock his accent and the way he spoke English, being that…
Varda Burstyn provides great insight on hypermasculinity and modern sport in her book, The Rites of Men: Manhood, Politics and the Culture of Sports. In this book, Burstyn asserts that performance enhancing drugs have become institutionalized as part of the “hypermasculinization” in sports and society. Athletes use performance-enhancing drugs to receive an energy boost as a means of playing through the pain endured during a sporting event. Especially in modern sports, competition has increased dramatically and athletes are willing to do anything they can to gain a competitive advantage. Monetary and materialistic incentives that are attached to winning in modern sports have catalyzed a need to attain even the smallest advantage. The source of athletes’ mentality of gaining a smallest advantage over competitors can be traced back from the time they were young to the time they reach the professional stage. The pressure to perform at a high-level consistently throughout his life has influenced the athlete to rely on drugs and has normalized the use of drugs in modern sports. However, using performance enhancing drugs comes with its fair share of disadvantages as well. Athletes who use steroids tend to have mood swings,…
Although it was a tough thing for many to get over, it helped shaped American and the character of a growing nation. Racism and sports had an extreme parallel where many sports had segregation. Boxing was one of the few sports that did not have extreme racial issues. Not only was racial segregation an issue, but separation of men and women in sports was also popular. Women did not seem to have the same opportunities to succeed in athletics. Many African-Americans did have great success, though. One of these successful African-Americans was 1st basemen Hall of Famer Walter Leonard. Other significant baseball players and even role models included Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson, who came around the late 20’s. These players not only demonstrated magnificent efforts in Baseball but also off the field with advancing advocation for African-Americans for sports in general. These popular figures are the ones that transformed Baseball and many other sports into games with equal opportunity no matter your race or…
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, sports began to widely popularize America; the analysis of sports in the topics of gender, race, and Americanism reflect broader American society. Through the study of American sports during the historical era of the late 1800s to the early 1900s, one can gain insight on the difference in standards for men and women, the fight between white supremacy and equal rights for blacks, and the process of defining the American identity.…
Is America's obsession with sports a bad thing? To some extent it is, a lot of things are bad with the obsession from how much they make and the crime reports. Time is money is spent on sports. I believe the obsession is unhealthy with not just for the youth but for adults too.…
From Jack Johnson all the way through to Hank Aaron the discrimination and threats that African American athletes faced was disheartening to say the least. Before watching this video I never realized that Jack Johnson faced the threats or that his fights caused many of his own race to be mobbed and rioted as a result. Even when he beat the all American Jeffries he had no respect, despite being one of the greatest boxers of all time African American or not. The lack of support from white America was surprising and personally, I always thought that they would just cheer on the best athlete regardless. Fast foreword to Jesse Owens in the Berlin Olympics and you wouldn’t know that African American athletes were not well supported. Jesse Owens seemingly had the entire nation backing him yet when he got back the beliefs still lingered and almost destroyed him. Moving to baseball, without Jackie Robinson baseball wouldn’t be the same as it is today, yet he faced death threats and had things thrown at him on a daily basis. Given all of their struggles with discrimination its hard to imagine sports being the same had America not eventually accepted the best athlete regardless of color. While the discrimination was rough the hardest thing to overcome was the prejudice they faced being less talented and not as good as White Athletes.…
During the course of the civil rights movement, through the 1960’s into the 1970’s, African-Americans were making strides to reach their goal of equality. Many African-Americans had something to say, but had no way of voicing their stance. There were many African-American that broke out in protest. Black athletes had a unique public position that allowed for them to share their views. Due to them being in the public’s eye, it allowed for athletes to make their stance against discrimination in a public arena. According to Harry Edwards a sociologist at the University of California, “sports were the only area of campus life where blacks could exercise any political leverage.” The stories of many black athletes and coaches demonstrates that through their actions, and their willingness to stand up against discrimination they were able to integrate and set the foundation for future athletes to be socially accepted in sports.…
When African-American NBA basketball player, Kendall Marshall, wasn’t getting enough playing time according to his father, he tweeted “I always said there was racism in sports. White guys in basketball are getting every chance to succeed even when they aren’t doing sh!t” (Marshall). Although the father quickly apologized, the media took every chance they could to bring this story to headline news by making the title “The Sixers Are Racist” (Deadspin) “Sixers Are Racist for Benching His Son” (SI) making the controversy more popular and causing a bigger commotion than it needed to be. Other professional athletes went public about their feelings regarding racism and sports and the results were not as expected. Fellow African-American NFL football player Benjamin Watson, responded to the Kendall Marshall controversy in an unexpected manner and goes on to say “…ultimately the problem is not a skin problem, but a sin problem. Sin is the reason we rebel against authority” (Benjamin Watson). With Watson, a professional competitive athlete exclaiming how racism isn’t a problem in sports, but in the way that “we (African-Americans) abuse our authority” (Watson), shows from an unbiased racially similar colleague that racism isn’t an issue in sports. An ESPN African-American football analyst, Michael Smith goes public…
I recently saw the film, 42, and I found many connections with our Sociology of Sport class. First and foremost, the movie was about the baseball legend, Jackie Robinson. Jack broke the baseball color barrier and was the first African American player allowed in Major League Baseball. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers beginning in 1947. Jack was a strong, talented player, but he also had a mind of his own. He played with an attitude that would be taunting to other players. When he made it to the Montreal Royals in 1946, he had to quickly get rid of this taunting, smart attitude. He was the only black player in a time of hatred and prejudice in the United States. Although he had plentiful support, there were many people who did not want Jackie playing baseball at the level he was at. He was faced with constant racist remarks, and sent thousands of letters that included death threats. Robinson had to persevere through this hard time to show that he would not give up. By not giving up, and not retaliating he proved to everyone that he was worthy of playing in the major leagues. Jackie Robinson helped his team to six pennants and one World Series Championship. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962, which was the first year he was eligible to be inducted.…