The Cosmic Engine Research
* Compare the views of Hubble and Friedman about the expansion of the universe:
Edwin Hubble’s observation
In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced that his observations of galaxies outside our own Milky Way showed that they were systematically moving away from us with a speed that was proportional to their distance from us. The more distant the galaxy, the faster it was receding from us. The universe was expanding after all, just as General Relativity originally predicted! Hubble observed that the light from a given galaxy was shifted further toward the red end of the light spectrum the further that galaxy was from our galaxy.
The specific form of Hubble's expansion law is important: the speed of recession is proportional to distance. Hubble expressed this idea in an equation - distance/time per megaparcec. A megaparcec is a really big distance (3.26 million light-years).
Alexander Friedman’s theory
In the early 1920’s Friedman for told a theory were universe begins with a Big Bang and continues expanding for untold billions of years (that’s the stage we’re in now.) But after a long enough period of time, the mutual gravitational attraction of all the matter slows the expansion to a stop.” The universe will eventually start to contract in a big crunch.
Friedman embraced the idea that the equation in Einstein’s theory of relativity shows a universe that is in motion, and not constant.
* A flow chart to show and describe the transformation of radiation into matter which followed the “big bang”:
* Einstein’s view of the connection between matter and energy:
Association between mass (m) and energy (E) in Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, complete by the formula E= mc2, where c equals 300,000 km (186,000 miles) per second i.e. the speed of light.
In physical theories prior to that of special relativity, mass and energy were seen as distinct entities. The energy of a body at rest could be assigned an arbitrary value. In special
Edwin Hubble’s observation
In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced that his observations of galaxies outside our own Milky Way showed that they were systematically moving away from us with a speed that was proportional to their distance from us. The more distant the galaxy, the faster it was receding from us. The universe was expanding after all, just as General Relativity originally predicted! Hubble observed that the light from a given galaxy was shifted further toward the red end of the light spectrum the further that galaxy was from our galaxy.
The specific form of Hubble's expansion law is important: the speed of recession is proportional to distance. Hubble expressed this idea in an equation - distance/time per megaparcec. A megaparcec is a really big distance (3.26 million light-years).
Alexander Friedman’s theory
In the early 1920’s Friedman for told a theory were universe begins with a Big Bang and continues expanding for untold billions of years (that’s the stage we’re in now.) But after a long enough period of time, the mutual gravitational attraction of all the matter slows the expansion to a stop.” The universe will eventually start to contract in a big crunch.
Friedman embraced the idea that the equation in Einstein’s theory of relativity shows a universe that is in motion, and not constant.
* A flow chart to show and describe the transformation of radiation into matter which followed the “big bang”:
* Einstein’s view of the connection between matter and energy:
Association between mass (m) and energy (E) in Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, complete by the formula E= mc2, where c equals 300,000 km (186,000 miles) per second i.e. the speed of light.
In physical theories prior to that of special relativity, mass and energy were seen as distinct entities. The energy of a body at rest could be assigned an arbitrary value. In special