The Early Development and Impact of 4G Technology
The Early Development and Impact of 4G Technology
Jane Sherman Shannon Sword
Outline
• Previous Technologies – 1G, 2G, 3G (CDMA, GSM, UMTS) – Multiplexing; Frequency, Time & Code Reasons for New Research How 4G Works – Architecture, AdHoc, IP core, OFDM Impact of 4G – economic, socio-cultural, political
• • •
1G Technology
Previous Technology – 1G “First Generation”
• Analog – Continuous in amplitude and time – Variations in the signal – disrupts over long distances Simplest type to wireless data Average between 4,800 to 9,600 bps (bits per second)
• •
2G Technology
Previous Technology – 2G
• Advantages – Digital – consists of 1s and 0s • Digital signal: 1) Low level, 2) High level, 3) Rising edge, and 4) Falling edge
Previous Technology – 2G
– Digital data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings • Multiplexing - multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal
Previous Technology – 2G
– Allows for lower powered radio signals that require less battery power – CODEC introduction - program that encodes and decodes digital data stream or signal • Translates data from digital to analog and vice versa
speaker
voice CODEC 10111001
Previous Technology – 2G
• Advantages – The digital voice encoding allows digital error checking • increase sound quality • lowers the noise level – Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data transfer • SMS – “short message service” • E-mail
Previous Technology – 2G
• Disadvantages – Cell towers had a limited coverage area • Jagged Decay curve – Abrupt dropped calls – Analog – gradual sound reduction • “Spotty” coverage
3G Technology
Previous Technology - 3G
• • • Large capacity and broadband capabilities Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps Increased spectrum efficiency – 5Mhz – A greater number of users that can be simultaneously supported by a
Jane Sherman Shannon Sword
Outline
• Previous Technologies – 1G, 2G, 3G (CDMA, GSM, UMTS) – Multiplexing; Frequency, Time & Code Reasons for New Research How 4G Works – Architecture, AdHoc, IP core, OFDM Impact of 4G – economic, socio-cultural, political
• • •
1G Technology
Previous Technology – 1G “First Generation”
• Analog – Continuous in amplitude and time – Variations in the signal – disrupts over long distances Simplest type to wireless data Average between 4,800 to 9,600 bps (bits per second)
• •
2G Technology
Previous Technology – 2G
• Advantages – Digital – consists of 1s and 0s • Digital signal: 1) Low level, 2) High level, 3) Rising edge, and 4) Falling edge
Previous Technology – 2G
– Digital data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings • Multiplexing - multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal
Previous Technology – 2G
– Allows for lower powered radio signals that require less battery power – CODEC introduction - program that encodes and decodes digital data stream or signal • Translates data from digital to analog and vice versa
speaker
voice CODEC 10111001
Previous Technology – 2G
• Advantages – The digital voice encoding allows digital error checking • increase sound quality • lowers the noise level – Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data transfer • SMS – “short message service” • E-mail
Previous Technology – 2G
• Disadvantages – Cell towers had a limited coverage area • Jagged Decay curve – Abrupt dropped calls – Analog – gradual sound reduction • “Spotty” coverage
3G Technology
Previous Technology - 3G
• • • Large capacity and broadband capabilities Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps Increased spectrum efficiency – 5Mhz – A greater number of users that can be simultaneously supported by a
Bibliography: - Websites • FDMA vs TDMA vs CDMA: What is the difference? Rice University. 11/15/2006 http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~elec301/Projects01/cdma /compare.html • Introduction to CDMA. Qualcomm Learning Center. 11/15/2006 http://www.cdmauniversity.com/ProdTech/cdma/traini ng/cdma25/m4/m4p01.html • CDMA Overview. UMTS. 11/15/2006 http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/cdmabasics.ht m