Preview

The Early Development of Gender Differences

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
8138 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
The Early Development of Gender Differences
University of Nebraska - Lincoln

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology

Psychology, Department of

10-1-2009

The Early Development of Gender Differences
Matthew H. McIntyre
University of Central Florida, mmcintyr@mail.ucf.edu

Carolyn P. Edwards
University of Nebraska - Lincoln, cedwards1@unl.edu

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub
Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons
McIntyre, Matthew H. and Edwards, Carolyn P., "The Early Development of Gender Differences" (2009). Faculty Publications,
Department of Psychology. Paper 402. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub/402 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of
Nebraska - Lincoln.

Published in Annual Review of Anthropology 38 (October 2009), pp. 83-97; doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164338 Copyright © 2009 by Annual Reviews.
Used by permission. http://anthro.annualreviews.org
Published online June 17, 2009.

The Early Development of Gender Differences
Matthew H. McIntyre 1 and Carolyn Pope Edwards 2

1 Department of Anthropology,
University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816; email mmcintyr@mail.ucf.edu
2 Departments

of Psychology and Child, Youth, and Family Studies,
University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588; email cedwards@unlnotes.unl.edu

Abstract
This article reviews findings from anthropology, psychology, and other disciplines about the role of biological factors in the development of sex differences in human behavior, including biological theories, the developmental course of sex differences, and the interaction of biological and cultural gendering processes at different ages.



Cited: Alexander GM. 2003. An evolutionary perspective of sex-typed toy preferences: pink, blue, and the brain Alexander GM, Hines M. 1994. Gender labels and play styles—their relative contribution Alexander GM, Hines M. 2002. Sex differences in response to children’s toys in nonhuman Anthes N, Michiels NK. 2007. Precopulatory stabbing, hypodermic injections and unilateral copulations in a hermaphroditic sea Archer J, Birring SS, Wu FCW. 1998. The association between testosterone and aggression among young men: empirical findings and a meta-analysis. Aggressive Behav. Ruble, and Szkrvbalo (2002). Psychol. Bull. Biringen Z, Emde RN, Brown D, Lowe L, Myers S, Nelson D. 1999. Emotional availability and emotion communication in naturalistic mother-infant interactions: evidence for gender relations M, Suwalsky JTD, et al. 2008. Mother-child emotional availability in ecological perspective: three countries, two regions, two genders Bourdieu P. 1990. La domination masculine. Actes Rech. Sci. Soc. 84:3–31 Bribiescas RG A nthropology 38 (2009) Burgess KB, Marshall PJ, Rubin KH, Fox NA. Burnham TC. 2007. High-testosterone men reject low ultimatum game offers. Proc. R. Soc. Campbell DW, Eaton WO. 1999. Sex differences in the activity level of infants Cashdan E. 1995. Hormones, sex, and status in women Cleveland HH, Udry JR, Chantala K. 2001. Environmental and genetic influences on sextyped behaviors and attitudes of male and female adolescents Batki A, Ahluwalia J. 2000. Sex differences in human neonatal social perception

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    Gender role behaviours related to adaptive reproductive strategies. Such as men trying to have sex with as many females as possible. Women however were much more invested so that their offspring. These traits, of investment level compared to masculinity and femininity, were passed down as a desired behaviour. Trivers 1972 suggested that the differences between the genders were due to the varying levels of parental investment. This investment by the parent increased the offspring’s chance of survival. The qualities and behaviours that led to reproductive success were different in females and males…

    • 859 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Zigler vs.Gardner

    • 1216 Words
    • 5 Pages

    References: (). (Ed.). [Sternberg, Robert J. (Ed.); pp. 273-282. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2003. Xiii, 293 pp.]. http://dx.doi.org/. Retrieved from…

    • 1216 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Describe and evaluate the biological explanation of gender development. Give evidence in your answer. (10 marks)…

    • 820 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Throughout the progress of understanding human development, the notion of gender has commonly been the topic of discussion and debate when attempting to understand its foundation. While it is argued to be a societal and cultural manifestation, others suggest it is a biological…

    • 208 Words
    • 1 Page
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Copyright © 2007 by the American Psychological Association. This material may be photocopied and distributed without permission provided that acknowledgment is given to the American Psychological Association. This material may not be reprinted, translated, or distributed electronically without prior permission in writing from the publisher. For permission, contact APA, Rights and Permissions, 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242.…

    • 6188 Words
    • 25 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Biology can be used to explain a person’s gender using hormones and genes as a reason for gender behaviour, because hormones influence both genitalia and brain development which then influence the development of gender behaviour. This could explain why some girls and women become tom boys, perhaps due to too much exposure to testosterone during pre natal and adolescent development which masculinises the brain so that they display male gender behaviour; meaning a female may display the more masculine trait of spatial skills as the testosterone acts on this cerebral of the brain. A supporting hypothesis for this theory is Geswind & Galaburda (1987) who were the first to propose that sex differences are caused by the effects of testosterone levels on a developing brain. Research by Deady et al has demonstrated that this hypothesis may be correct; he found that high levels of salivary testosterone in biological females were linked with low scores of maternal personality. This study helps in supporting that hormones have a great influence on the development of gender behaviour, and that certain hormones can determine gender traits.…

    • 794 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Parents tend to treat their own offspring differently, according to their gender, boys are reinforced in different ways to girls, and fathers usually react more negatively than mothers to their son’s feminine top play (Idle et al 1993). Evidence comes from studies such as Smith and Lloyd (1978) who found that first time mothers responded differently to a newly-introduced child depending on whether they believed the child was either male or female, selecting gender appropriate toys and using more/less vocal interaction. However, the study was lab-based, and the validity can be questioned, as it does not tell us how the parents would respond to their own child in a natural setting. Further support comes from Fagot et al (1992) whose natural experiment found that parents who show the clearest patterns of differential reinforcement have children who are quicker at developing strong gender preferences. This study was higher in ecological validity due to the setting, however, it cannot discount the role of culture or…

    • 1070 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Systematic Desensitisation

    • 11148 Words
    • 45 Pages

    M. M. Antony ( ) · H. K. Hood Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada e-mail: mantony@psych.ryerson.ca T. E. Davis III…

    • 11148 Words
    • 45 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Sasa

    • 3912 Words
    • 16 Pages

    • Essentialist theory on gender suggests that biological sex differences create the behavioral differences in men and women.…

    • 3912 Words
    • 16 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Preferences for stereotyped play activities are regarded as one of the earliest, most pervasive, and developmentally consistent demonstration of gender roles in children. In most traditional societies, gender-stereotyped play activities during early childhood are accepted and encouraged as useful preparation for adult roles. (Serbin, Poulin-Dubois, Colburne, Sen, Eichstedt: 2001). But what does this stereotyping consist of and when does this normally start to occur? When looking at the documented literature, girls’ prefer dolls and boys’ prefer cars, trucks, and other types of vehicles. Boys are encouraged to be active, beginning in infancy, and are reported to engage in more obvious motor play than girls, at least by preschool (O’Brien, Huston, 1985). Stereotypically masculine toys, such as trucks and footballs, elicit much more gross motor activity then many stereotypically feminine toys, such as telephones and dolls (Eaton, Von Bargen, Keats, 1981)…

    • 801 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Gender Role

    • 1181 Words
    • 5 Pages

    * Patterns of attitude and behavior that a society expects of its members because of their being a male or female.…

    • 1181 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Sex and Temperament

    • 1444 Words
    • 6 Pages

    Anthropologist Margaret Mead addressed the differences in temperament found between men and women in her book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935). In this study she concluded that sex has no bearing on social traits and the temperament of an individual. Her research looked at whether masculine or feminine traits are innate or learned. She also questioned whether men and women differ because of nature (heredity) or nurture (socialization). She concludes that cultural conditioning is more important than biology in shaping the behavior of women and men. The observed differences in temperament between men and women are not a function of their biological differences. Rather, they result from differences in the socialization and the cultural expectations held for each sex within a society.…

    • 1444 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Better Essays

    This paper was prepared for Psychology 7, T-TH 9:30, taught by Professor E. Maloney Ed.D…

    • 857 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Krawczyn, J. (2010, June 28). Week four class syllabus [Msg 2]. Message posted to http://University of Phoenix syllabus PSY103 Introduction to Psychology course website.…

    • 1686 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Discuss the Psychodynamic explanations of gender development and refer to at least one case study/ evidence in your answer.…

    • 559 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays

Related Topics