The Earth And Its Peoples Chapter Summary

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, 4th Edition
I. The Emergence of Human Communities, to 500 B.C.E.
1. Nature, Humanity, and History, to 3500 B.C.E. * African Genesis * History and Culture in the Ice Age * The Agricultural Revolutions * Life in Neolithic Communities * Diversity and Dominance: Cave Art * Environment and Technology: The Iceman
2. The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. * Mesopotamia * Egypt * The Indus Valley Civilization * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: Violence and Order in the Babylonian New Year's Festival * Environment and Technology: Environmental Stress in the Indus Valley
3. New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres,
2200-250 B.C.E. * Early China, 2000-221 B.C.E. * Nubia, 3100 B.C.E.-350 C.E. * Celtic Europe, 1000-50 B.C.E. * First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chavín, 1200-250 B.C.E. * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: Divination in Ancient Societies * Diversity and Dominance: Human Nature and Good Government in the Analects of Confucius and the Legalist Writings of Han Fei
4. The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000-500 B.C.E. * The Cosmopolitan Middle East, 1700-1100 B.C.E. * The Aegean World, 2000-1100 B.C.E. * The Assyrian Empire, 911-612 B.C.E. * Israel, 2000-500 B.C.E. * Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E. * Failure and Transformation, 750-550 B.C.E. * Diversity and Dominance: Protests Against the Ruling Class in Israel and Babylonia * Environment and Technology: Ancient Textiles and Dyes * Issues in World History: Animal Domestication
II. The Formation of New Cultural Communities, 1000 B.C.E.-400 C.E.
5. Greece and Iran, 1000-30 B.C.E. * Ancient Iran, 1000-500 B.C.E. * The Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 B.C.E. * The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546-323 B.C.E. * The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323-30 B.C.E. * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: Persian and Greek Perceptions of Kingship * Material Culture: Wine and Beer in the Ancient World * Environment and Technology: Ancient Astronomy
6. An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E.-330 C.E. * Rome's Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.-330 C.E. * The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.-220 C.E * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: The Treatment of Slaves in Rome and China * Environment and Technology: Water Engineering in Rome and China
7. India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E.-1025 C.E. * Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500 B.C.E.-300 C.E. * Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324 B.C.E.-650 C.E. * Southeast Asia, 50-1025 C.E. * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: Indian Mathematics * Diversity and Dominance: Relations Between Women and Men in the Kama Sutra and the Arthashastra * Issues in World History: Oral Societies and the Consequences of Literacy
III. Growth and Interaction of Cultural Communities, 300 B.C.E. -1200 C.E.
8. Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 B.C.E.-1100 C.E. * The Silk Road * The Indian Ocean Maritime System * Routes Across the Sahara * Sub-Saharan Africa * The Spread of Ideas * Diversity and Dominance: Travel Accounts of Africa and India * Environment and Technology: Camel Saddles
9. The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200-1200 * The Sasanid Empire, 224-651 * The Origins of Islam * The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632-1258 * Islamic Civilization * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: Secretaries, Turks, and Beggars * Environment and Technology: Chemistry * Material Culture: Head Coverings
10. Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 300-1200 * The Byzantine Empire, 300-1200 * Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000 * The Western Church * Kievan Russia, 900-1200 * Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200 * The Crusades, 1095-1204 * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: Iron Production * Diversity and Dominance: The Struggle for Christian Morality
11. Inner and East Asia, 400-1200 * The Sui and Tang Empires, 581-755 * Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600-907 * The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200 * New Kingdoms in East Asia * Diversity and Dominance: Law and Society in China and Japan * Environment and Technology: Writing in East Asia, 400-1200
12. Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200-1500 * Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 200-900 * The Post-Classic Period in Mesoamerica, 900-1500 * Northern Peoples * Andean Civilizations, 200-1500 * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: Burials as Historical Texts * Environment and Technology: Inca Roads * Issues in World History: Religious Conversion
IV.
Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200-1550
13. Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200-1500 * The Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1260 * The Mongols and Islam, 1260-1500 * Regional Responses in Western Eurasia * Mongol Domination in China, 1271-1368 * The Early Ming Empire, 1368-1500 * Centralization and Militarism in East Asia, 1200-1500 * Diversity and Dominance: Observations of Mongol Life * Environment and Technology: From Gunpowder to Guns
14. Tropical Africa and Asia, 1200-1500 * Tropical Lands and Peoples * New Islamic Empires * Indian Ocean Trade * Social and Cultural Change * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: Personal Styles of Rule in India and Mali * Environment and Technology: The Indian Ocean Dhow
15. The Latin West, 1200-1500 * Rural Growth and Crisis * Urban Revival * Learning, Literature, and the
Renaissance * Political and Military Transformations * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: Persecution and Protection of Jews, 1272-1349 * Environment and Technology: The Clock
16. The Maritime Revolution, to 1550 * Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450 * European Expansion, 1400-1550 * Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550 * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: Vasco da Gama's Fleet * Diversity and Dominance: Kongo's Christian King * Issues in World History: Climate and Population, to 1500
V. The Globe Encompassed, 1500-1750
17. Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750 * Culture and Ideas * Social and Economic Life * Political Innovations * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: Mapping the World * Diversity and Dominance: Political Craft and Craftiness
18. The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530-1770 * The Columbian Exchange * Spanish America and Brazil * English and French Colonies in North America * Colonial Expansion and Conflict * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: The Silver Refinery at Potosí, Bolvia, 1700 * Diversity and Dominance: Race and Ethnicity in the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchy
19. The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550-1800 * Plantations in the West Indies * Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century * Creating the Atlantic Economy * Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: Amerindian Foods in Africa * Diversity and Dominance: Slavery in West Africa and the Americas
20. Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1750 * The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 * The Safavid Empire, 1502-1722 * The Mughal Empire, 1526-1761 * The Maritime Worlds of Islam, 1500-1750 * Diversity and Dominance: Islamic Law and Ottoman Rule * Environment and Technology: Tobacco and Waterpipes
21. Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800 * Japanese Reunification * The Later Ming and Early Quing Empires * The Russian Empire * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: East Asian Porcelain * Diversity and Dominance: Gendered Violence: The Yangzhou Massacre * Issues in World History: The Little Ice Age
VI. Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750-1870
22. Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850 * Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis * The American Revolution, 1775-1800 * The French Revolution, 1789-1815 * Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789-1850 * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: The Guillotine * Diversity and Dominance: Robespierre and Wollstonecraft Defend and Explain the Terror
23. The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851 * Causes of the Industrial Revolution * The Technological Revolution * The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution * New Economic and Political Ideas * The Limits of Industrialization Outside the West * Diversity and Dominance: Adam Smith and the Division of Labor * Environment and Technology: Gas Lighting
24. Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890 * Independence in Latin America, 1800-1830 * The Problem of Order, 1825-1890 * The Challenge of Social and Economic Change * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: The Afro-Brazilian Experience, 1828 * Environment and Technology: Constructing the Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina
25. Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870 * The Ottoman Empire * The Russian Empire * The Qing Empire * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: The Web of War * Diversity and Dominance: Chinese Responses to Imperialism
26. Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870 * Changes and Exchanges in Africa * India Under British Rule * Britain's Eastern Empire * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: Ceremonials of Imperial Domination * Environment and Technology: Whaling * Issues in World History: State Power, the Census, and the Question of Identity
VII. Global Diversity and Dominance, 1850-1945
27. The New Power Balance, 1850-1900 * New Technologies and the World Economy * Social Changes * Socialism and Labor Movements * Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany, and Japan * The Great Powers of Europe, 1871-1900 * China, Japan and the Western Powers * Environment and Technology: Railroads and Immigration * Material Culture: Cotton Clothing * Diversity and Dominance: Marx and Engels on Global Trade and Bourgeoisie
28. The New Imperialism, 1869-1914 * The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods * The Scramble for Africa * Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific * Imperialism in Latin America * The World Economy and the Global Environment * Diversity and Dominance: Two Africans Recall the Arrival of the Europeans * Environment and Technology: Imperialism and Tropical Ecology
29. The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900-1929 * Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East * The "Great War" and the Russian Revolutions, 1914-1918 * Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919-1929 * China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies * The New Middle East * Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: The Middle East After World War I * Environment and Technology: The Birth of Civil Aviation
30. The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949 * The Stalin Revolution * The Depression * The Rise of Fascism * East Asia, 1931-1945 * The Second World War * The Character of Warfare * Diversity and Dominance: Women, Family Values, and the Russian Revolution * Environment and Technology: The Enigma Machine
31. Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-1949 * The Indian Independence Movement, 1905-1947 * Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-1945 * Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-1949 * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: Gandhi and Technology * Diversity and Dominance: A Vietnamese Nationalist Denounces French Colonialism * Issues in World History: Families and Politics
VIII. Perils and Promises of a Global Community, 1945 to the Present
32. The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975 * The Cold War * Decolonization and Nation Building * Beyond a Bipolar World * Comparative Perspectives * Environment and Technology: The Green Revolution * Diversity and Dominance: Race and the Struggle for Justice in South Africa
33. The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration, 1975-2000 * Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion * The End of the Bipolar World * The Challenge of Population Growth * Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples * Technological and Environmental Change * Comparative Perspectives * Diversity and Dominance: The Struggle for Women's Rights in an Era of Global Political and Economic Change * Environment and Technology: The Personal Computer * Material Culture: Fast Food
34. Globalization in the New Millennium * Global Economic and Political Currents * Trends and Visions * Global Culture * Environment and Technology: Global Warming * Diversity and Dominance: World Literature in English