The Effect of Personal Selling in Marketing of It Product in Nigeria Using Vangage Ltd as a Case Study
The CREE Centre acknowledges financial support from The Research
Council
of
Norway, University of
Oslo and user partners
.
ISBN
: 978
-
82
-
7988
-
140
-
7
ISSN: 1892
-
9680 http://cree.uio.no UNILATERAL CLIMATE
POLICY:
CAN OPEC RESOLVE THE
LEAKAGE PROBLEM?
Christoph
Böhringer
,
Knut Einar
Rosendahl
and Jan
Schneider
CREE
Working
Paper 5/2013
UNILATERAL CLIMATE POLICY:
CAN OPEC RESOLVE THE LEAKAGE PROBLEM?
Christoph Böhringer a , Knut Einar Rosendahl b and Jan Schneider c Abstract
In the abscence of a global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, individual countries have introduced national climate policies. Unilateral action involves the risk of relocating emissions to regions without climate regulations, i.e., emission leakage. A major channel for leakage are price changes in the international oil market.
Previous studies on leakage have assumed competitive behaviour in this market. Here, we consider alternative assumptions about OPEC’s behaviour in order to assess how these affect leakage and costs of unilateral climate policies. Our results based on simulations with a large-scale computable general equilibrium model of the global economy suggest that assumptions on OPEC’s behaviour are crucial to the impact assessment of unilateral climate policy measures. We find that leakage through the oil market may become negative when OPEC is perceived as a dominant producer, thereby reducing overall leakage drastically compared to a setting where the oil market is perceived competitive.
Keywords:
Carbon Leakage, Oil Market, OPEC Behaviour
JEL:
C72; Q41; Q54
Acknowledgement:
While carrying out this research we have been associated with CREE — Oslo Centre for Research on Environmentally Friendly Energy. The CREE Centre acknowledges financial support from The
Research Council of Norway. a University of Oldenburg. E-mail: christoph.boehringer@uni-oldenburg.de b
Norwegian University of Life Science and
Council
of
Norway, University of
Oslo and user partners
.
ISBN
: 978
-
82
-
7988
-
140
-
7
ISSN: 1892
-
9680 http://cree.uio.no UNILATERAL CLIMATE
POLICY:
CAN OPEC RESOLVE THE
LEAKAGE PROBLEM?
Christoph
Böhringer
,
Knut Einar
Rosendahl
and Jan
Schneider
CREE
Working
Paper 5/2013
UNILATERAL CLIMATE POLICY:
CAN OPEC RESOLVE THE LEAKAGE PROBLEM?
Christoph Böhringer a , Knut Einar Rosendahl b and Jan Schneider c Abstract
In the abscence of a global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, individual countries have introduced national climate policies. Unilateral action involves the risk of relocating emissions to regions without climate regulations, i.e., emission leakage. A major channel for leakage are price changes in the international oil market.
Previous studies on leakage have assumed competitive behaviour in this market. Here, we consider alternative assumptions about OPEC’s behaviour in order to assess how these affect leakage and costs of unilateral climate policies. Our results based on simulations with a large-scale computable general equilibrium model of the global economy suggest that assumptions on OPEC’s behaviour are crucial to the impact assessment of unilateral climate policy measures. We find that leakage through the oil market may become negative when OPEC is perceived as a dominant producer, thereby reducing overall leakage drastically compared to a setting where the oil market is perceived competitive.
Keywords:
Carbon Leakage, Oil Market, OPEC Behaviour
JEL:
C72; Q41; Q54
Acknowledgement:
While carrying out this research we have been associated with CREE — Oslo Centre for Research on Environmentally Friendly Energy. The CREE Centre acknowledges financial support from The
Research Council of Norway. a University of Oldenburg. E-mail: christoph.boehringer@uni-oldenburg.de b
Norwegian University of Life Science and