Direct competitive cocaine immunoassay was performed in a transparent high binding 96 well microtiter plate. Each well was coated with 200 µL of 1mg/L anti-mouse IgG in PBS (phosphate buffered saline, 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 70 mM sodium hydrogen phosphate, 145 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.6). The microtiter plate was left over night for shaking at 750 rpm. Therefore, the plate was washed three times with automatic 96-channel plate washer by washing buffer (45 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, 0,375 mM dipotassium phosphate. 1.5 M Potassium sorbate, Tween 20, pH 7.6). Afterwards, 200µL of benzoylecgonine (BEC) antibody diluted in PBS (0.005 µg/mL) was added to each well and incubated for 1 hour with shaking. This step was preceded by three cycles of washing and 100 µL of standards were added to each well.…
Dopamine can also play a role in addictive behaviors, and cocaine is a severe drug in addiction (Depue& Collins, 1999). Cocaine inhibits the natural order of dopamine. Once the dopamine is set free, it is reused into a dopamine transmitting neuron. Cocaine binds to the dopamine, and does not allow it to be reused. This causes an increase of dopamine and overflows specific neural areas, the overflow stops after a half hour, and the person is feeling the way he or she did before, and this is how the addiction begins (Stocker, 1999).…
Cocaine is identified as (C17H21NO4). Cocaine is an addictive stimulant that affects key pleasure centers within the brain and causes heightened euphoria. The hydrochloride salt, which is a powdered form of cocaine, can be dissolved in water and injected or snorted. It is derived from the coca plant and is primarily found in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Crack cocaine is the crystal form of cocaine. It comes in crystals or solid blocks varying in color from pale rose, yellow or white. Crack is the most potent form of cocaine and is also the riskiest. It is between 75% and 100% pure, far stronger than regular cocaine. Since cocaine has a high cost, crack is sold at very low prices. The common method of ingesting crack is smoking, where it makes…
Leesburg is a charming town in Northern Virginia, its motto “the hometown of the 21st century” seems to rein true as it is often characterized as the perfect place to raise kids; primarily due to the excellent school system and the low unemployment and crime rate. In 2011 CNN Money ranked Leesburg fourth on the “Best 100 Places to Live” list in the nation. Moreover, Leesburg is a historically rich town; it was home to one of the founding fathers, James Monroe. Monroe resided in Leesburg for many years and it was also where he gave life to the Monroe Doctrine. Leesburg is the governmental center of the Loudoun County, otherwise known as the county seat. Leesburg is located within the eastern region of Loudoun which is the more development filled side of the county. Furthermore, the public school system and department of social services, among other public entities, are run by the county instead of the town itself. The population of Leesburg, according to the 2010 census, is 42,616. On the other hand, the population of Loudoun County is 312,311 as of 2010. Leesburg along with the rest of eastern Loudoun has gone through an explosion of growth within the past years. Loudoun’s close vicinity to the nation’s capital makes it a very attractive place for young professionals and families to live in. Suburbanization in Loudoun is explosive; the evidence speaks for itself as Loudoun is Virginia’s fastest growing county with 84.15% population grown since 2000. The median family income in the county is also the highest in the state at about $130,493 a year. As of 2010 the population of races is moderately diverse as Loudoun is made up of 67% White, 7% Black, 12% Hispanic, and 14% of Asian individuals. However, there is a side of Loudoun County that most people do not know about: it is that Loudoun has an estimated 3.4% poverty rate, although low in comparison to the…
What are some short-term effects of using cocaine? Some short-term effects of using cocaine are as follows: Constricted blood vessels, increases blood pressure and heart rate. It also produces feelings of euphoria as well as anxiety, depression, and excitement. It can also cause seizures and even an overdose. Other effects are increased temperature, and dilated pupils, nervousness, and some paranoia. It produces a feeling of increased energy and well-being. Long-term effects include erratic, delusional or paranoid paranoia. Smoking crack cocaine can produce a particularly aggressive paranoid behavior in users. When addicted individuals stop using cocaine, they often become depressed. Prolonged cocaine snorting can result in ulceration of the mucous membrane of the nose. Acute cocaine poisoning leads to profound CNS stimulations, progressing to convulsions, which can lead to respiratory or cardic arrest.…
Coca is a leafed plant that grows in the eastern slopes of the Andes. Cocaine is the world's most powerful stimulant made naturally. This plant has been used be Indians for at least 5000 years. Traditionally, the leaves of the coca plant have been chewed for social, mystical, medicinal and religious purposes. Columbia is the lead producer of cocaine they supply eighty percent of the world's cocaine (Coca and cocaine).…
Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and wrongful convictions. Current prison populations show a higher population of African Americans and Hispanic men leading some to believe that a sentencing disparities caused by racial prejudices and discrimination are the causes. Sentencing disparities occur when offenders with similar criminal histories who have committed the same offense receive much different penalties. Data has shown that Hispanics and African Americans have received harsher punishments compared to whites for similar crimes. Wrongful convictions occur when an innocent person is found guilty by either plea or verdict. The development of DNA testing has increased the number of people convicted by juries and later exonerated by science. In 2004 congress passed the Justice for All Act which implemented funds for DNA testing on a backlog of over 300,000 rape kits and other crime-scene evidence. In 1986 the drug crack was a major story in the news. Feeding off the crack fear, Congress pass the Anti-Drug Abuse Act which made the possession of 5 grams or more of crack a mandatory 5 year prison sentence. The impact of this law led to a steep rise in the number of…
Cocaine is a drug that has been on this planet for thousands of years. When it comes to drugs, It is also very dangerous. This drug comes mostly from South Africa and is from coco plants. This plant was used for a stimulant for the people, to help you breath more because of the mountain ranges back then. They used to use it to help them breath but they never extracted the actual drug from it yet. But he In fact, stimulants can contain caffeine. Back in the 1880's Coca Cola put a tiny bit of Cocaine in their soda. This was made to make people feel better about themselves and To make it taste better. This drug goes back over 3000 years ago, but was not as popular at the time. Popularity of this drug grew ton when the time came in 1890 and on. Cocaine is a serious drug because you can get hooked on it very fast. By first taste some people suffer from addiction. To this day many people are addicted to this drug and wishes they can stop. Side effects can be a change in behavior, hard time…
No, we should not count on drugs in dealing with osteoporosis because we will tend to forget the little things in the end which truly help us maintain strong and healthy bones, such as lifting weights and eating healthy. Many will use this as an excuse so that they may not have to…
The first Cocaine Era begins ruffly around 2500 BCE in South America. The Peruvian South Americans chewed on the Erythoxylan Shrub, which contains cocaine in its leaves. Historians believe that the use of this stimulant assisted this small, contained community to want to branch out and spread across the contenent. The cocaine provided the South AMericans with the energy and motivation to strive to make architectual and social advancements. This era of cocaine use was by far the least negative. The leaves the people sucked on were not nearly as potent as cocaine is today. The second cocaine era begun in the 19th century. This era is a huge turning point in the way cocaine effects societies. Scientist began experimenting with plants that had cocaine on their leaves to try and extract the cocaine itself. They ended up making the highly potent white powder that we know as cocaine today. After this discovery millions of people were using cocaine. This new drug was saught out to be a super drug that had no downfall. Coca- Cola even put cocaine in their extremely popular beverage. People didn't realize the true harm of cocaine at this time, in fact it was used medicinally for illnesses including depression, hysteria, digestive disorders, nervous exhuastion, and even drug addiction. Once scientist did studies and realized that cocaine is a very dangerous substance, and a very addictive substance cocaine was placed as a schedule 1 drug and endorsed as a dangerous drug rather than a super drug. The third, and most recent cocaine era began in the 1980's. The third era began after some scientist made the clam that cocaine really was not as dangerous as they made it out to be. Cocaine became glamorized by popular celebrities. With the scientist basically endorsing the drug, and celebrities glamorizing it cocaine became immensly popular. The demand for cocaine went way up and the prices went way down. Every group in society was effected by the 1980's…
Consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine will induce wakefulness, increased physical activity, decreased appetite, increased respiration, hyperthermia, euphoria. Effects of methamphetamine include irritability, insomnia, confusion, paranoia, and aggressiveness. Since it is known that it is difficult for nerve cells to be regenerated after having been damaged, it is a clear indication that use of this drug in small or large quantities, cause irreversible damages in the CNS. This observation was reported in a study by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), which also found that individuals who have a long history of abuse have reduced levels in dopamine transporters, which are associated with slowed motor skills and weakened memories in the individuals. (2)…
References: Adult Health Advisor. (Last updated: 2005). Cocaine Intoxication. Retrieved: May 1, 2007 from http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_cocintox_bha.htm…
i decided to do my project on this topic because in america cocaine is a problem now and was a big problem in our history and i wanted to see and show how the effects of cocaine has evolved over the years of its existence and it almost destroyed the society of some cities and it will be…
What is Insubordination? Insubordination can have many different definitions depending on that individual person’s perception; It is in layman’s terms; the act of willfully disobeying or disrespecting a higher authority. In the United States Military, this type of disrespect is punishable under the Uniform Code Of Military Justice (UCMJ), under Article 91. In the civilian world, although Insubordination is most of the time let go and given with a warning; in the United States Military, Insubordination is not tolerated in any way, shape, and or form and could result in the immediate discharge of any service member if the severity allowed it. Insubordination in the Military goes against many of the 7 Core Army Values, one of them being Respect; if one can’t respect their superiors and complete simple task, how are the leaders supposed to respect them and expect them to ever accomplish their missions. It shows a lack of discipline, which is the essential for any soldier in order to be enlisted in the Military. It creates a bad rapport for the United States Military in showing how our soldiers are trained throughout their entire military career. Although insubordination is usually picked up and dealt with during a servicemembers beginning stages such as Basic Combat Training (BCT), or Advanced Individual Training (AIT), most disrespectful soldiers slip through the cracks and continue this type of behavior throughout their whole entire career. Eventually if never corrected, this type of behavior will catch up to them and may result in numerous consequences such as; court martial, UCMJ action, loss of friends, family, isolation, and the worse case scenario for any servicemember separation from the United States Uniformed Services. Insubordination in the Military is not limited to rank or time in service; a very famous example of Insubordination is when General Douglas MacArthur, was relieved of command…
As a young lady, a mother, or a grandmother, if seeking cocaine treatment for women has not been an easy process, you now have new opportunities because health care professionals now understand the need for treatment that is especially designed for women. Traditionally, addiction treatment was developed with a signal focus to stop using and did not take into account the different physical, emotional, and social needs of men and women. But research has shown the many benefits that programs based in science can have for women.…