Baron-Cohen 2002 suggested, in their E-S theory, that male hunters gained an evolutionary advantage systematising over women who were much more empathetic. With their theory they suggested that during stress responses, men tend to be adapted for flight or fight. Where as females normally tend and befriend. Shields 1975 suggested that men and women evolved to have roles that complemented each other, in order for both genders to survive.…
From the moment humans were created to modern times, they made numerous physical and technological advancements. It started when the Australopithecines began displaying signs of bipedalism, freeing two arms for using tools and carrying food while walking at the same time. This was a significant physical change that the hominid species chose to make, as bipedalism was the gateway to hunting, farming, and harvesting. As time passed, the homo habilis began showing up. Their brain size was on a range between 550 and 687 cubic centimeters, whereas the Australopithecines had a brain size between 350 and 600 cubic centimeters, which meant that the homo habilis' brain capacity grew around 50%. This larger brain capacity led to the experimentation with…
Key innovation in human evolution is the development of bipedalism and gradual increase in size of brains. The evolution might have occurred due to change in climate and environment which lead to reduction and replacement of trees with grasslands. Due to presence of large numbers of trees, it was easier for our ancestors to have quadrupedalism instead of bipedalism, so that they can climb on trees and move from one place to another. But with the decrease in number of trees, requirement for bipedalism increased. In an article by Wayman E. (2012), it has been mentioned that Lucy had the anatomy of bipead. Lucy belongs to Australopithecus afarensis. It is estimated that Lucy lived 3.2 mya. Her pelvis was broad and she has thigh bones which were…
To support the evolutionary perspective, the division of labour was shown to be an advantage. Men were the hunter gathers, breadwinners, while the mother was at home acting as the ‘angel of the house’ and looking after the children. If a women was to hunt, this would reduce the group’s reproductive success, as the woman was the one who was pregnant or producing milk. Although, the women could contribute to the important business of growing food, making clothing and shelter and so on. This enhances reproductive success but it also important in avoiding starvation – an…
Over decades, many Americans reject the ideas of evolution and there were many arguments against the theory of human evolution. However, in order to understand how the human developed, we must look at the human evolution. For many centuries, we have been curious about our origins and our human bodies structure. How we got to be the kind of species we are today, such as the way we look; walking upright on two legs, our hands has five fingers, the size of our brain and teeth, and what makes us a unique species. Our animal ancestors have shaped our body structure in many ways, we humans have a lot in common than you might think with apes, reptiles and even fish.…
Sexual selection can be used to explain certain characteristics or behaviours which increase an individual’s reproductive success. These characteristics may get exaggerated over evolutionary time. In humans, these characteristics may include good physical and mental health, as well as physical features such as good looks etc. these characteristics are attractive because they show an ability to reproduce and pass on these genes to offspring. There are two types of sexual selection, intrasexual and intersexual. Intrasexual selection is the evolution of characteristics that enable an individual to compete with their rivals whereas intersexual selection is the evolution of characteristics that are attractive to a mate. An example of this would be a peacock’s tail. The peacock with the ‘best’ tail (longest and brightest etc.) is considered to be more attractive to the peahen and therefore he is more likely to reproduce and pass on his genes to the next generation. Buss, 1989, found evidence to support this. Over 10000 participants across 37 different cultures took part in his study on differences in intersexual selection. Questionnaires were given to the participants, asking about preferences for variables such as marriage, age differences, characteristics etc. He found that women valued qualities such as ambition and industriousness in men – qualities showing their financial potential. He also found that men valued youth and physical attractiveness more highly than women. This suggests that males look for qualities associated with fertility in line with evolutionary predictions. He concluded that women have evolved to select mates who can provide resources for themselves and their offspring. Buss’ study had over 10000 participants and therefore has credibility, however the participants may have not given a truthful answer and instead given one they thought would appear more…
The author of the article “New Perspectives on the Evolution of Bipedalism,” Allison S. Brookes makes a compelling argument that the reason humans evolved to walk on two legs was the need to be able to outlast the animals that they were hunting. Early Hominines did not have adequate ways of killing large game up close, they did not have bows and arrows, and much less guns to hunt with. The author argues that because of this, they had to evolve to be able to run long distances to instead kill the animal they were hunting through its dehydration and overheating.…
Human are classified in the primate order. The primate order contains countless species of prosimians, monkeys, apes, and us. Moreover even though humans are classified along with other primates the nearest relative is chimpanzees. Similarly, humans and chimpanzees share, “anatomy, and genetic material” that has been noted for several years now. By sharing similar traits it is noted as a vital part of human evolution. Human evolution is the development of humans also known as Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens are categorized in the Hominidae family, a family that has shown to ensure increased brain size with complexity and bipedalism. Chimpanzees have undergone many different changes during that resulted in binocular vision, mobile digits without claws but nails, decreasing in sense of smell due to a reduced snout, large and complex brains. Specific traits are illustrated distinctively within humans (Kottak, 2009).…
The characteristic that separates primates from hominids is bipedalism; means walking in two feet. These characteristics can be seen in the skeletal structures that have different traits that are: the pelvis is vertical, the spine is curved in an S shape and the last trait is that the arms are shorter than the legs.…
The greatest achievement and jump in evolutions was mans bipedality, suddenly we were faster, taller, able to bring and eat food for efficiently, it was a marvel. We were mobile, energy efficient, we could migrate and avoid the incredibly harsh weather, it also allowed for bigger brains, which improved out intelligence. Tools were also a great help to Neanderthal men, it made life easier and able to compete with the…
“On land, tropical forests underwent reduction or, more commonly, broke up into mosaics where patches of forest were interspersed with savanna or other types of open country. With the breaking up of forests, our early ancestors found themselves spending more and more time on the ground and had to adapt to this new open environment.” There are many different theories trying to explain why and how our ancestors came to be bipeds. This quote is stating the theory that our ancestors faced many obvious problems through having to deal with the forest-savanna change. The major problems here are that as forests shrank, we had to move from patch of trees to other patches of trees, but the major problem was food gathering. As trees became scarce,…
Based on the lab data and observations of primate locomotion, the main reason I think that children are better at brachiating then adults, is because their bodies are more flexible. For instance, unlike adults, children’s skeletons are not yet fully developed and as a result, many of their bones are still partially cartilage to allow them to grow. This would give children an advantage when performing physical actions like brachiating because it would allow them to stretch their bodies into positions that could otherwise be awkward on the adult skeleton and joints. Moreover, another attribute that would make children more suited to movements like brachiating, is their size. Specifically, young children weigh far less than their adult counterparts…
(2005) provide an overview of the “ecological dominance-social competition” (EDSC) model as an explanation to the unique evolution of human cognitive adaptations and specific traits that make us armed with different sets of skills compared to other species. The article then presents an analysis of some of the major human features and evaluates their compatibility with the EDSC model, relying on the hominin fossil record and human neurobiology and cognition as the main two empirical resources. Flinn et al. begin with presenting different hypotheses that have been explored to explain the evolution of human cognition. According to the authors, many of these hypotheses included ecological problem solving, hunting, a sudden genetic change, sexual selection (female choice hypothesis) and the consideration of the the brain as a “social tool”. All of them encountered limitations in explaining how our hominin ancestors diverged from other species in terms of their cognitive capabilities. For instance, the ecological problem solving and hunting models are not generally accepted since many other species also engage in activities like tool use and scavenging, in addition to the fact they do not account for other aspects that are far from functionality like art and religion. The female choice hypothesis states that females chose to mate only with increasingly intelligent males, which directly acts as a selective pressure within the population towards higher cognitive abilities. However, the lack of sex differences in the overall level of intelligence presents as an unnegligible challenge to this theory (Flinn et al., 2015,…
The Paleolithic Era, also known as the “old stone age” was a time where humans foraged hunted wild animals or gathered edible portions of wild plants. Nothing was stored because people were always on the move. they couldn’t take the extra weight. The Neolithic Era or the “new stone age” refers to a period of time where humans began refining their tools for use on domesticated plants and animals. It was during this time that people began to store dry or wet things in pottery due to the surplus of food that had to be stored. The beginning of the Neolithic Era was the Transition to Agriculture. Neolithic peoples wanted to secure themselves a more stable lifestyle with a sure income of food. Women of this time began to nurture plants and men began…
A distinctive evolutionary feature of humans can be seen by the lack of hair on their bodies as compared to their primate relatives, the apes. Hair is an essential body covering for most mammals. According to The Naked Truth (2010), hair provides a means of insulation, protection, and can be used for camouflage. There are several arguments on why the ancestor’s of humans lost their body hair, which can ultimately be narrowed down to three popular theories. One theory suggested in The Naked Truth (2010) says that humans lost their fur in order to regulate their body temperature as they adapted to a new strenuous way of living. Another theory suggested by Nicholas Wade of New York Times (2003), says that humans lost their fur because of their…