The Mark I was the first digital computer to be programmed sequentially. The complex code of machine language could be easily misread or incorrectly written. To reduce the number of programming errors, Hopper and her colleagues collected programs that were free of error and generated a catalogue of subroutines that could be used to develop new programs. By this time, the Mark II had been built. Aiken 's team used the two computers side by side, effectively achieving an early instance of multiprocessing.…
In a world of men, for men, and made by men, there were a lucky few women who could stand up and be noticed. In the early nineteenth century, Lovelace Augusta Byron King, Countess of Lovelace, made her mark among the world of men that has influenced even today 's world. She was the "Enchantress of Numbers" and the "Mother of Computer Programming." The world of computers began with the futuristic knowledge of one Charles Babbage and one Lady Lovelace, who appeared to know more about Babbage 's Analytical Engine than he himself knew. At the time of Lovelace 's discoveries, women were only just beginning to take part in the scientific world, and her love of mathematics drove her straight into the world of men. Her upbringing, her search for more knowledge, her love of mathematics, and her inherited writing abilities brought to life what we know today as computer programming or computer science.…
Programming language is a vital and essential part of computers. Even though you do not actually see these languages, they are the bases and make up of software programs. Software is essential to a computer because without software, a computer can do nothing. All of the software that we use to make our computers useful is created by individuals known as programmers; these programmers use different types of programming languages to develop software programs. The first primitive programming language was actually created for the invention of the ‘difference engine’. This invention created in 1822 by Charles Babbage was a mechanical calculator that would tabulate polynomial functions.…
As technology developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, ideas on how to code outlined in Ada’s notes on a paper written by Luigi Federico Menabrea were utilized more and more. As biography.com puts it, Ada, “described how codes could be created for the device to handle letters and symbols along with numbers. She also theorized a method for the engine to repeat a series of instructions, a process known as looping..” These are only a few of the revolutionary ideas that Ada Lovelace discussed in her article published in 1843. Nowadays coding is one of the most relevant skills to have and is used in countless businesses, governments, and for everyday use. During world War II, the British government used early computers paired with Ada’s programming system to decode complex Nazi communications. It is reasonable to say that the development of technology has altered our world more than anything else in the past century, and Ada was a huge driving force behind these…
which is the tiny data processor in the computer, and then the program could be written…
Starting with a growing need to more easily compute numbers and calculations, people have been trying to create a machine of mathematical convenience since the early 1900s. However it wasn’t until 1946 when Professors John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert successfully built the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), the world’s first general purpose computer, which cost $500,000 and filled a 20 foot by 40 foot room. And in 1951 Mauchly and Eckert create the UNIVAC, the first business and government applicable commercial computer. From this point the inventions and improvements start to gain speed. In 1954, the FORTRAN computer programming language is born and becomes the first successful high level programming language. And just a few years later in 1958, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce introduce the integrated circuit, or more commonly known as the computer chip. 1964, Douglas Engelbart presents a computer prototype showcasing the features of a computer mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI), which allows interaction by use of images and icons instead of text commands. This marks the shift of the computer from a machine only marketable to scientists and mathematicians to a technology that is accessible and appealing to the general public. In…
So switches too small and too many for person standing front of computer to flip switches. Now computers told what to do or "programmed" by holes in paper tapes or cards. Then by magnetic bits on magnetic tapes, and then on magnetic disks. Also, too many "on/off" for person to understand, so people write programming languages like "Assembly" to make easier to create computer instructions or programs. Then write program called "Assembler" to take "Assembly" instructions and turn it back into the "on/off" instructions that computer…
“To make a computer do anything, you have to write a computer program. To write a computer program, you have to tell the computer, step by step, exactly what you want it to do. The computer then “executes” the program, following each step mechanically, to accomplish the end goal. When you are telling the computer what to do, you also get to choose how it’s going to do it. That’s where computer algorithms come in. The algorithm is the basic technique used to get the job done.”1…
In first generation computers, the operating instructions or programs were specifically built for the task for which computer was manufactured. The Machine language was the only way to tell these machines to perform the operations. There was great difficulty to program these computers and more when there were some malfunctions. First Generation computers used Vacuum tubes and magnetic drums (for data storage).…
A long time ago, the daughter of Lord Byron, better known as the Countess Ada King of Lovelace encoded a set of rules to be followed that was to be processed by a device called the Analytical Engine. Thus, Countess Lovelace penned the first source code, which in turn became the first computer program. Today, the source flows around us, penetrates our daily lives, wraps itself around our democratic processes and binds our world together. Every computer system, every computer network, every smart phone and every automated election machine in the world are just glorified paper weights without the Source.…
Computer technology has been widely used in different fields, nowadays; computer is the main system that is being used from large and wide scale manufacturing up to small scale industries. The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed. That is to say that some type of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer and it will process them. While some computers may have strange concepts "instructions" and "output", modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language.…
1. Babbage’s Analytical Engine introduced the concept of programming to computing. 2. Augusta Ada Byron is generally recognized as the first programmer. The U.S. Department of Defense named the Ada programming language in her honor. 3. The heart of von Neumann architecture is the stored-programming concept, in which both data and programming instructions are stored in the same memory system. 4. Hardware is tangible and comprises the physical parts of a computer; software is intangible and consists of the programs the computer executes. 5. The abstract concept that forms the core of computer science is problem-solving. 6. For a solution technique to be an algorithm, it must be • Clearly and unambiguously defined • Effective, in the sense that its steps are executable • Finite, in the sense that it terminates after a bounded number of steps 7. Algorithmic design refers to the process of designing a solution strategy to fit a particular problem; coding refers to the generally simpler task of representing that solution strategy in a programming language. 8. A higher-level language is a programming language that is designed to be independent of the particular characteristics that differentiate computers and to work instead with general algorithmic concepts that can be implemented on any computer system. The higher-level language used in this text is called Java. 9. Each type of computer has its own machine language, which is different from that used in other computers. The compiler acts as a translator from the higher-level language into the machine language used for a specific machine. 10. A source file contains the actual text of a program and is designed to be edited by people. An object file is created by the compiler and contains a machine-language representation of the program. Most programmers never work directly with object files. 11. A syntax error is a violation of the grammatical rules of the programming…
Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer",[4] he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.[5][6]…
In the earlier time, at the beginning of programming the “Punch Card“ was used for the programming purpose. Then with the passage of time human tried to work on the binary digits called “Machine Language”.…
Computer programmers write programs. After computer software engineers and systems analysts design software programs, the programmer converts that design into a logical series of instructions that the computer can follow. The programmer codes these instructions in any of a number of programming languages, depending on the need. The most common languages are C++ and Python.…