The Fall of Enron
The Fall of Enron
The History
Enron began as a pipeline company in Houston in 1985. It profited by promising to deliver so many cubic feet to a particular utility or business on a particular day at a market price.
That change with the deregulation of electrical power markets, a change due in part to lobbying from senior Enron officials. Under the direction of former Chairman Kenneth L. Lay, Enron expanded into an energy broker, trading electricity and other commodities.
The Business of Enron
Enron became a giant middleman that worked like a hybrid of traditional exchanges. But instead of simply bringing buyers and sellers together, Enron entered the contract with the seller and signed a contract with the buyer, making money on the difference between the selling price and the buying price. Enron kept its books closed, making it the only party that knew both prices.
Over time, Enron began to design increasingly varied and complex contracts. Customers could insure themselves against all sorts of eventualities such as a rise or fall in interest rates, a change in the weather, or a customer's inability to pay. By the end, the volume of contracts to actually deliver commodities, and Enron was employing a small army of PhDs in mathematics, physics and economics to help manage its risk.
The Failure of Enron
As its services became more complex and its stock soared, Enron created a constellation of partnerships that allowed manages to shift debt off the books.
Some partnerships' losses would have to be paid for out of Enron stock or cash in 2003, bringing the debts back home. There are indications that Enron executives and its accounting firm, Arthur Andersen, had warnings of problems nearly a year ago. According to an email sent February 6, 2001, Andersen considered dropping Enron as a client. In August, Enron Vice President Sherron Watkins wrote an anonymous memo to former Chairman Kenneth Lay, detailing reasons she thought Enron "might implode in a wave of
The History
Enron began as a pipeline company in Houston in 1985. It profited by promising to deliver so many cubic feet to a particular utility or business on a particular day at a market price.
That change with the deregulation of electrical power markets, a change due in part to lobbying from senior Enron officials. Under the direction of former Chairman Kenneth L. Lay, Enron expanded into an energy broker, trading electricity and other commodities.
The Business of Enron
Enron became a giant middleman that worked like a hybrid of traditional exchanges. But instead of simply bringing buyers and sellers together, Enron entered the contract with the seller and signed a contract with the buyer, making money on the difference between the selling price and the buying price. Enron kept its books closed, making it the only party that knew both prices.
Over time, Enron began to design increasingly varied and complex contracts. Customers could insure themselves against all sorts of eventualities such as a rise or fall in interest rates, a change in the weather, or a customer's inability to pay. By the end, the volume of contracts to actually deliver commodities, and Enron was employing a small army of PhDs in mathematics, physics and economics to help manage its risk.
The Failure of Enron
As its services became more complex and its stock soared, Enron created a constellation of partnerships that allowed manages to shift debt off the books.
Some partnerships' losses would have to be paid for out of Enron stock or cash in 2003, bringing the debts back home. There are indications that Enron executives and its accounting firm, Arthur Andersen, had warnings of problems nearly a year ago. According to an email sent February 6, 2001, Andersen considered dropping Enron as a client. In August, Enron Vice President Sherron Watkins wrote an anonymous memo to former Chairman Kenneth Lay, detailing reasons she thought Enron "might implode in a wave of