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Olivet Nazarene University

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5-1-2011

East / West: Salman Rushdie and Hybridity
Jessica Brown
Olivet Nazarene University, [e-mail]

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Copyright © 2011 by Jessica Brown An earlier version of Chapter 2, ―The Hybridity of History in Midnight’s Children‖ was published in the 2011 Sigma Tau Delta Review, a national undergraduate literary journal.

Brown 2 Mumbai

“How far did they fly? Five and a half thousand as the crow. Or: from Indianness to Englishness, an immeasurable difference. Or, not very far at all, because they rose from one great city, fell to another.” ---Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses

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East / West: Salman Rushdie and Hybridity Table of Contents

Title Page Copyright Page Preface Title Page Abstract

1 2 3 4 5

Part One 1. The Contexts of Hybridity 6

Part Two 2. The Hybridity of History in Midnight’s Children 3. Refusing National Hybridity in Shame 4.Migrant Hybridity in The Satanic Verses 5. The Hybridity of Language 21 32 43 51

Part Three 6. The Future of Hybridity Works Cited 61 70

Brown 4 Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the ways in which the novelist Salman Rushdie advocates a hybrid world—a world in

Cited: ―Background Note: India.‖ Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs. U.S. Department of State. 14 July 2010. Web. 31 January 2011. Bibikow, Walter. House of Parliament at Night, London, England. Walter Bibikow Studio. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge Classics, 1994. Print. Booker, M. Keith. ―Beauty and the Beast: Dualism as Despotism in the Fiction of Salman Rushdie.‖ ELH 57.4 (1990): 977-97. JSTOR. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. Cundy, Catherine. Salman Rushdie. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996. Print. Dayal, Samir. ―The Liminalities of Nation and Gender: Salman Rushdie‘s Shame.‖ Journal of Midwest Modern Language Association 31.2 (1998): 39-62. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. ---. ―Talking Dirty: Salman Rushdie‘s Midnight’s Children‖ College English 54.4 (1992): 431-45. JSTOR. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. Gauthier, Tim. Narrative Desire and Historical Reparations : A.S. Byatt, Ian McEwan, Salmon Rushdie. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. George, Rosemary Marangoly. ―‗At a Slight Angle to Reality‘: Reading Indian Diaspora Literature.‖ MELUS 21.3 (1996): 179-93. JSTOR. Web. 1 Feb. 2011. Ghosh, Amitav. Sea of Poppies. London: John Murray, 2008. Print. Ghosh, Bishnupriya. ―An Invitation to Indian Postmodernity: Rushdie‘s English Vernacular as Situated Cultural Hybridity.‖ Critical Essays on Salman Rushdie. Ed. M. Keith Booker. New York: G. K. Hall, 1999. 129-53. Print. Gikandi, Simon. Writing in Limbo: Modernism and Caribbean Literature. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1992. Print. Brown 70 Gorra, Michael. ―The Angrezi in Which I Am Forced to Write‖: On the Language of Midnight’s Children.‖ Critical Essays on Salman Rushdie. Ed. M. Keith Booker. New York: G. K. Hall, 1999. 188-204. Print. Gupta, Meenu. Salman Rushdie: a Re-telling History Through Fiction. New Delhi: Prestige, 2009. Print. Hanggi, Kathleen. ―Salman Rushdie: A Biography.‖ Postcolonial Studies at Emory. Aug. 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2011. Hogan, Patrick Colm. ―‗Midnight‘s Children‘: Kashmir and the Politics of Identity.‖ Twentieth Century Literature 47.4 (2001): 510-44. JSTOR. Web. 11 Feb. 2011. Lahiri, Jhumpa. The Interpreter of Maladies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. Print. Mardorossian, Carine. ―From Literature of Exile to Migrant Literature.‖ Modern Language Studies 32.2 (2002): 15-33. JSTOR. Web. 1 Feb. 2011. McCurry, Steve. INDIA-10237NF3. 1994. Steve McCurry Archive. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. Nehru, Jawaharlal. ―Speech on the Granting of Indian Independence, August 14, 1947.‖ Modern History Sourcebook. 1998. Web. 2 Feb. 2011. Reder, Michael. ―Rewriting History and Identity: The Reinvention of Myth, Epic, and Allegory in Salman Rushdie‘s Midnight’s Children.‖ Critical Essays on Salman Rushdie. Ed. M. Keith Booker. New York: G.K. Hall & Co, 1999. 225-44. Print. Rushdie, Salman. East, West. New York: Vintage International, 1994. Print. ---Fury. New York: The Modern Library, 2001. Print. ---. The Ground Beneath Her Feet. New York: Henry Holt, 1999. Print. ---. Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981-1991. London: Granta, 1991. Print. ---. Midnight’s Children. London: Vintage, 1981. Print. Brown 71 ---. The Moor’s Last Sigh. New York: Pantheon, 1995. Print. ---. The Satanic Verses. 1988. New York: Random House, 2008. Print. ---. Shame. New York: Picador, 1983. Print. ---. Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction, 1992-2002. Westminster, MD: Random House Adult Trade Publishing, 2003. 145-158. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. ―Salman Rushdie.‖ Contemporary Writers. The British Council. 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2011. ten Kortenaar, Neil. Self, Nation, Text in Salman Rushdie’s Midnight‘s Children. Montreal: McGill-Queen‘s University Press, 2004. Print.