The environment plays an integral role on the development of a child’s sense of self in which they grow up. Usually, the family environment plays a vital role in shaping the identity of children as they grow into adolescence and become adults. The way family members relate to one another and operate together as a social group can shape a child's self-esteem, socialization, gender and cultural identity.
A 1997 report by Susan D. Witt, Ph.D., shows that male and female children are likely to view their gender roles in the same way that their parents do. For instance, parents who raise children with the idea that boys should perform tasks like mowing the lawn, painting the fence and taking out the trash, while girls should do the dishes, cook dinner, and clean the house, are likely to have kids who identify with these stereotypes throughout their lives. Children who grow up with parents who encourage more androgynous gender roles do not identify themselves with stereotypical male or female stereotypes and have been shown to receive more encouragement from parents. These kids tend to be more flexible in their relationships and have higher self-esteem.
In addition, families that have prominent ethnic traditions are more likely have kids that to identify with their ethnicity than those who do not, according to a study by Linda Juang in the June 2010 issue of Journal of Adolescence. The study compared 225 participants who were entering into adulthood. The study also showed that daughters more strongly identified with their ethnicity that did sons. These findings confirm the relationship the family environment has on self-perception as individuals enter into adulthood.
Furthermore, parents who are more responsive to their children, more encouraging, and who offer more support will most likely develop a child who has a higher level of self-esteem. Conversely, a more critical parenting style leads to the development of