The Impact of Welding Fumes on the Health of Welders

THE IMPACT OF WELDING FUMES ON THE HEALTH OF WELDERS IN POINT FORTIN by Anthony Seemungal
A research paper presented to the Department of Occupational Safety, and Health of the
Cipriani College of Labour and Co-operative Studies in partial fulfilment of the
Associate of Science Degree
In
Occupational Safety & Health
Churchill-Roosevelt Highway
Valsayn, TrinidadRepublic of Trinidad and Tobago
July 2014

Student Research PaperDeclarationI, Anthony Seemungal, submit the Research Paper, in three (3) copies, entitled as below in Partial Fulfilment of:
The Associate of Science Degree, In accordance with all of the Bylaws, Rules, Regulations, and Guidelines of the Cipriani College of Labour and Co-operative Studies.
I certify as follows:
That the Research Paper being presented is my own account, based upon work that I actually carried out, and that all sources of material not resulting from my own observations, analyses, or experimentation have been clearly indicated;
That no part of the Research Paper is a quotation from published or unpublished sources, or a duplication of same, except where this has been clearly acknowledged as such;
That any specific direction or advice received as to the conduct of the work is properly acknowledged;
I understand that the Research Paper becomes the property of the College upon submission
Student Last Name: Seemungal
Student First Name(s): Anthony
Student Identification Number:
2010030835
Programme/Department of:
Occupational Safety and Health;
Course Number and Course Title:
OSH 260 Research Paper
Research Paper Title: The Impact of welding fumes on the health of welders in Point Fortin
Date of Submission of Research Paper:
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Normal Signature of Student:
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Date of Student Signature:
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Student Comments, if any: .........................................................................

AcknowledgementThis research paper is made possible through the help and support from everyone including, parents, family, lecturers, and friends. Especially, please allow me to dedicate my acknowledgement of gratitude toward the following significant advisors and contributors:
First and foremost, I would like to thank Mrs. Kathleen Davis for support and encouragement. She kindly read my paper and offered invaluable detailed advices on grammar, organization and theme of the paper. The product of this research paper would not be possible without them.
Second, I would like to thank Dr. Judy Rahammuth and Dr. Frank Joseph who proof read my paper and provide valuable advices.
Finally, I sincerely thank my parents, family and friends, who provide advice. The product of this research paper would not be possible without all of them.
AbstractOver the past few years welding has developed into a process which has a wide range of application over a number of industries in Point Fortin. Industrial growth in this area has been stimulated by improvements in production rates and quality, but technologically the process is still not fully understood.
This work aims to contribute to the understanding and emphasis on the hazardous effects associated with welding fume exposure and how best limiting the exposure can be achieved.
A simplified method of interviews and questionnaires were used to gather relevant data that determined how welders are exposed to fumes. This enabled one to conclude that there are hazardous effects associated with welding fume exposure. Consequently one of the recommendations will consist of a lobby to establish exposure limits for welders, and new legislation and alternatives methods to welding.
Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Student Research Paper PAGEREF _Toc393107792 \h 2Declaration PAGEREF _Toc393107793 \h 2Acknowledgement PAGEREF _Toc393107794 \h 3Abstract PAGEREF _Toc393107795 \h 4Table of Contents PAGEREF _Toc393107796 \h 5Introduction PAGEREF _Toc393107797 \h 7Paper Title PAGEREF _Toc393107798 \h 7Aims PAGEREF _Toc393107799 \h 7Objectives of Research Paper PAGEREF _Toc393107800 \h 7Statement of the Problem PAGEREF _Toc393107801 \h 8Significance of the Study PAGEREF _Toc393107802 \h 10Statement of the Research Question PAGEREF _Toc393107803 \h 10Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc393107804 \h 11Neurological effects associated with welding fumes. PAGEREF _Toc393107805 \h 11Pulmonary effects of welding fumes PAGEREF _Toc393107806 \h 15Reproductive effects of welding fumes PAGEREF _Toc393107807 \h 18Assumptions PAGEREF _Toc393107808 \h 22Limitations PAGEREF _Toc393107809 \h 22Methodology PAGEREF _Toc393107810 \h 23Findings PAGEREF _Toc393107811 \h 24analysis from Observations PAGEREF _Toc393107812 \h 24analysis of Data PAGEREF _Toc393107813 \h 25Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc393107814 \h 28Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc393107815 \h 29Establishment of exposure limits to welding fumes in the workplace PAGEREF _Toc393107816 \h 29The use of Engineering Controls to Protect Welders from Welding Fumes PAGEREF _Toc393107817 \h 30Ventilation Systems PAGEREF _Toc393107818 \h 30New Legislation PAGEREF _Toc393107819 \h 31Lobbying PAGEREF _Toc393107820 \h 31Definition and Terms PAGEREF _Toc393107821 \h 33Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc393107822 \h 34References PAGEREF _Toc393107823 \h 35Questionnaire PAGEREF _Toc393107824 \h 36Interview Questions PAGEREF _Toc393107825 \h 37

IntroductionPaper TitleThe impact of welding fumes on the health of welders in Point Fortin.
Aims
To discover and understand the debilitating extent of exposure to welding fumes.
To determine the mitigation measures necessary to guard against welders susceptibility to welding fumes.
Objectives of Research PaperDevelop an instrument that would capture the various health effects caused by welding
Recommend to the OSH Authority the need to develop welding Mitigation Regulations
To commence lobbying drive with the labour movement for Welding Mitigation Regulation by December 2014.
"Welding is the process of joining together two pieces of metal so that bonding, accompanied by appreciable inter-atomic penetration takes place at their original boundary surfaces." Sarah Hanley (2010). The boundaries more or less disappear at the weld. It is carried out by the use of the heat or pressure (or both) and with or without added metal. There are many different types of welding which can be used for different purposes.
Metal Arc Welding is a procedure that employs an electric arc to heat the joint to fusion, and inert gas to prevent oxidation of the weld. Submerged arc welding is the most common arc welding process. It requires a continuous feed of consumable solid or tubular (flux cored) electrode. The molten weld and the arc zone are protected from atmospheric contamination by being “submerged” under a blanket of granular fusible flux consisting of lime, silica, manganese oxide, calcium fluoride and other compounds. When molten, the flux becomes conductive, and provides a current path between the electrode and the work. This thick layer of flux completely covers the molten metal thus preventing spatter and sparks as well as suppressing the intense ultraviolet radiation and fumes that are part of the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process. In Trinidad and Tobago, the most commonly practiced types of welding techniques are the Submerged Arc and Metal Arc welding.
"Welding is a potentially dangerous process and also produces fumes." Keith R. Scott (2007). Fumes are formed when hot metal vapours cool and condense into very small particles that stay suspended in the vapour or the gas. The particles may be metal or metallic compound, and are often smaller than one micrometre (One-fiftieths) the width of human hair. The fumes may be visible or not. Welding “smoke” is an example of a visible fume. Even if the fumes cannot be seen, its particles are still present in the atmosphere.
Statement of the ProblemTrinidad and Tobago is a developing Caribbean country that hopes to achieve first world status by the allotted year of 2020. As part of this achievement, the nation would also strive to attain the position as laid down by the Brundtland Commission 1987, "To be able to maximise and be sustainably developed, this effective means of achieving standards and reputations that could be recognised globally”.
It should be noted that due to the rapid expansion in the oil industry, as stated by U.S. Energy Information Administration 2013 "Natural gas production currently accounts for just over 85 percent of the country 's natural resource base" a subsequent upsurge in adverse impacts on the health and safety of the workers within this faction. Increased calls for the institution (or revision) and enforcement of health and safety regulations from local and foreign investors alike were made. As a result, the Trinidad and Tobago Occupational Safety and Health Bill was enacted. The Act which addressed health and safety issues in the workplace is the Occupational Safety and Health Act, and was enacted by the Parliament in 2004, and amended in 2006. Other regulations continue to be drafted by the Occupational Safety and Health Agency, the local body established to enforce the act.
However, "given the potential for injury and limited opportunities to engineer hazards" Safety Management Group (2011), safety regulations, codes of practices and general safety systems relating to the hazards associated with welding fumes exposure are one of the major loop holes present in the system. Legislation has to be created locally to limit that. At present, safety professionals in Trinidad and Tobago use foreign health and safety legislations (for e.g. OSHA Welding Standard 1910.254- Arc Welding and Cutting, amongst others) as the best practice in the absence of our local legislation to protect workers because of its effectiveness and low failure rates.
In Trinidad and Tobago, welding is one of the more popular trades taught to young adults looking to enter the workplace, and is one of the most assured job options available. "Today 's need for highly trained welders is compounded by the fact that construction and oil industry is experiencing a skilled worker shortage" The Bureau of Labour Statistics (2013) Unfortunately, because there are no local standards or safety regulations available to protect our workers from welding fume exposure, many of the workers at the ground level are still unsure of their rights, and are oblivious to their effects of their health, until it’s too late.
Many welders, non-welders (welder helpers) and fabricators are unaware of the dangers they are being exposed to everyday in their line of work. This is partly due to the lack of knowledge, and availability of specific training on this sensitive topic in institutions in Trinidad. Copied with the glaring reality of disregard for personal safety by workers on the job, workers in the welding profession are inadvertently exposed to the possibility of adverse impacts daily on the job. This prompted the researcher to dig deeper into this arena.
Significance of the Study
It has been observed that welders become ill and that fumes from their jobs might be responsible.
One such welder who was closely linked to the researcher succumbed to his work related illness. Therefore, this gave great cause for concern.
This study is important because as it will investigate welders’ perceptions, attitudes, viewpoints and their participation towards safer welding practices and environmental protection. Consequently, this research will offer significant information to welders about safe practices and improvements to legislation pertinent to them.
Statement of the Research QuestionIs exposure to welding fumes hazardous enough to affect the health of welders?
Literature ReviewReview of studies on the health effects experienced by welders as a result of "the inhalation of welding fumes have shown conclusive evidence that there are acute and chronic health effects, associated with any type of welding procedure". Antonini et al., 2004 However, this other study contradicts the above statement indicating that "these effects are often times difficult to assess because of differences in worker populations, industrial settings, work area ventilation, welding processes and materials used, and other occupational exposures besides welding fumes." Sferlaza and Beckett, (1991) It has been established that "most full-time welders experience some type of respiratory disorder during their time of employment" Martin et al., (1997)
Neurological effects associated with welding fumes.Manganese is an essential ingredient in the welding of steel because it increases hardness and strength, it also prevents steel from cracking during manufacture, improves metallurgical properties, and acts as a deoxidizing agent to remove iron oxide from the weld pool to form a stable weld."Manganese in welding consumables is considered the causative factor for the neurological deficits seen in welders." Harris, 2002. Depending on the welding process and the composition of the welding electrode, manganese may be present in different oxidation states and have different solubility properties. These differences may affect the biological responses to manganese after the inhalation of welding fumes. "Manganese intoxication and the associated neurological symptoms have been reported in individual cases of welders who have been exposed to high concentrations of manganese-containing welding fumes due to work in poorly ventilated areas". James M. Antonini et al., (2006).
In many of the research studies reviewed, "The relationship of Manganese and Parkinson’s disease was explored to determine if manganese inhalation from welding fume exposure was one of the root causes of Parkinson’s induced symptoms" Baxter et al.,2000; 108 . "Exposure to manganese first produces nonspecific symptoms such as weakness, apathy, headaches, muscle cramps, and joint pains" Levy et al., 2003. A second stage includes uncoordinated speech and gait. Both stages may include a form of psychosis known as “manganese madness.” Parkinsonism, involving tremors and movement disorder, develops as the last stage.
It is apparent that manganese can reach the body 's circulation after inhalation of welding fumes, and would be transported directly to the central nervous system. It has been observed by using brain MRI "that manganese can accumulate in the globus pallidum after exposure to high concentrations of welding fumes" Nelson et al., 1993;. The globus pallidum is a structure in the brain which is involved in the regulation of voluntary movement. It is part of the basal ganglia, which, among many other things, regulate movements which occur on the subconscious level. "If the globus pallidus is damaged, it can cause movement disorders, as its regulatory function will be impaired" S.E. Smith, 2012.
In an important study conducted by Racette et al. (2001), they compared the clinical features of Parkinson 's disease in 15 full-time welders with two control groups with an idiopathic form of the disease. It was observed that "the welders had a younger onset (46 years) of Parkinson 's disease that was significantly different than the onset (63 years) in the controls". The authors concluded that Parkinson 's disease in welders was distinguished only by age at onset, suggesting that welding may be a possible risk factor for the development of early onset Parkinson 's disease.
To corroborate the above, in another study conducted by Krishnan Sriram et al;2012, indicated that "there is the belief that occupational exposure to welding fumes is thought to cause Parkinson 's disease -like neurological dysfunctions, and there is an apprehension that it is plausible that welding fumes may accelerate the onset of Parkinson’s disease".
However, although it has been hypothesized that manganese-containing welding fumes are a possible neurological hazard, a number of issues regarding the association of welding fume exposure needs to be addressed with future studies. Some of these studies have limitations due to a lack of complete and accurate workplace exposure data and little information on exposures to other neurotoxicants in the workplace. The findings from the research conducted indicated that "It appears that the case reports of manganese intoxication in welders are mostly limited to exposure to very high levels of welding fumes, where welding has taken place in confined spaces, or during welding that has used electrodes high in manganese content." Nelson et al., 1993; In addition, questions exist as to whether "the risk of neurotoxicity is dependent on the welding process or industry, where fume concentrations may be potentially higher or more hazardous." Kim et al., 1999. Additionally, "it needs to be determined whether or not exposure to long-term low levels of manganese in welding fumes can lead to neurotoxicity in welders." Sadek et al., 2003).
In the study conducted by Lucchini et al. (1999), results showed that "in ferroalloy workers, cumulative exposure to low levels of manganese oxides may cause neuro-functional changes."
Another study done by Burkhard et al. (2003) revealed that "in addition to manganese exposure, risk factors that can influence the incidence of neurological disease amongst welders include liver impairment, carbon monoxide poisoning, organic solvent exposure, and brain accumulation of iron". It has been observed that "a significant number of liver cirrhosis patients exhibited moderate to severe parkinsonism." Therefore, along with standard liver function tests, alcohol consumption should be evaluated when studying neurological effects in welders.
"A different probable cause for the onset of parkinsonism in welders was that it could be a possible neurological result of carbon monoxide poisoning" (Sohn et al., 2000). It is possible that the poisoning effects of carbon monoxide generated during welding processes have been mistakenly attributed to manganese intoxication. In addition, welders may be exposed to organic solvents through activities that are typically performed in the workplace. "Exposure to a number of solvents has been associated with alterations of cognitive and psychomotor function following short-term exposures at or near the TLV" Spiker and Morris, 2001. Also, most welders are continuously exposed to airborne concentrations of iron that are considerably higher than that of manganese. It has been hypothesized "that accumulation of iron in the brain may be associated with Parkinson 's disease" Berg et al., 2001 and Riederer et al., 2001. "Iron levels are increased in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson 's disease post-mortem" (Dexter et al., 1987 and Sofic et al., 1988).
"There are hundreds of thousands of workers who are exposed to welding fumes worldwide, but very little is known or has been reported about the association of welding fume exposure and the potential development of neurotoxicity" Lucchini et al. 1999. In light of the above, a number of studies reviewed, provides conclusive evidence that exposure to manganese via the inhalation of welding fumes can result in hazardous health effects to welders, it may not be accurate to infer that this may be the root cause of Parkinson’s or any other neurological effects experienced by welders.
Pulmonary effects of welding fumesSeveral studies have been conducted with a view to establishing the potential link between exposure to the welding fumes through inhalation and the occurrence of lung function deficiency in welders. Ambiguous results have been observed because some studies have been conducted in laboratories, others in controlled work environments, and some during actual workplace conditions. (Stern, 1981).
A number of uncontrolled variables in the workplace pose challenges to researchers to conclusively conclude that lung function can be affected solely by the act of welding fume exposure. In the study conducted by Stern, (1981), indicated that "the severity of exposure to welding fumes varies due to differences in welding processes and materials, duration of exposure, and ventilation of the exposure area." In addition, other factors may confound the results of pulmonary function tests in welders, such as tobacco smoking. In the study conducted by Oxhoj et al., (1979); documented "shipyard welders, who are exposed to higher fume conditions because of work in confined, poorly ventilated areas, had greater decrements in lung function than welders who worked in well ventilated places". In a comparison of workers in the same plant, Mur et al. (1985) demonstrated that "welders who worked in confined spaces had reduced lung function as compared with those who worked in well-ventilated areas". One would be inclined to infer from the above that ventilation of the exposure area is a critical factor in determining the effect, if any, from welding fume inhalation.
Interestingly, in the research conducted by Sferlazza and Beckett (1991), concluded the opposite that "most studies suggest that there are little to no measurable effects due to welding exposure alone on lung function. Additionally, a number of susceptible welders who work in heavily exposed areas may account for the differences in lung function observed between welders and control populations".
In the study by Wang et al. (1994); Simonsson et al. (1995); Beach et al. (1996), they argued that some studies have indicated "that exposure to welding fumes may even be a possible cause of asthma, another possible health effect". However, a definitive association between welding and occupational asthma has yet to be determined. No firm evidence could be found to link the two, since similarly, as with lung function, the development of asthma after exposure to welding fumes is difficult to determine because of differences in worker populations and the types of welding exposure.
Extensive studies have been also been conducted on the potential association between welding and the development of lung cancer. Whilst it may be argued that the findings of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) could be flawed due to factors such as limited evidence in humans and inadequate evidence in animals, after a review of 23 epidemiological studies examining the incidence of cancer in welders, the IARC concluded that "welding fumes were ‘‘possibly carcinogenic’’ to humans" (IARC, 1990). The recognition that the evidence collected was inadequate could provide meaningful information for researchers, and could very well provide the impetus for enhancing future test protocols, due to the gravity of the illnesses that could possibly develop from inhalation of welding fumes.
This view is supported by the study done by Hansen et al., (1996), who alluded that "the interpretation of an excess lung cancer risk in welders is often difficult because of uncertain exposure assessment and inadequate information on smoking habits and exposure to other work-related carcinogens, such as silica and asbestos". Also, in a nine nation historical cohort study which pooled data from 21 case control and 27 cohort studies of 11,092 welders in Europe, Simonato and colleagues (1991) "observed a significantly greater mortality rate from lung cancer among welders, but asbestos exposure was implicated as a confounding factor." The health effects of asbestos have been well documented, and as such, it could be inferred that this factor could possibly play a major role in increasing lung cancer risk in welders.
Some studies have not accounted for the duration of the welding experience. Beaumont and Weiss (1981) suggested that "the increased lung cancer risk observed in welders was not apparent until at least 20–30 years after the first exposure to welding fumes".
In general, epidemiology studies have shown that a large number of welders experience some type of respiratory illness, ranging from bronchitis, siderosis, asthma, and possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer, especially for full-time welders.
Pulmonary infections are increased in terms of severity, duration, and frequency among welders. Inhalation exposure to welding fumes may vary due to differences in the materials used and methods employed
Whilst studies conclusively indicate that welding fume exposure can result in pulmonary effects, they cannot confirm that exposure to welding fumes were the sole reason for the negative symptoms experienced. More in-depth research needs to be carried out, with a broader scope in study to include other possible factors, such as lifestyle habits of the sample population which may produce more definitive results than the above studies have shown.
Reproductive effects of welding fumesThe view that welding may be detrimental to the male reproductive system has been used as a hypothesis for research conducted internationally, as "it has been estimated that in industrialized nations about 1% of workers is engaged in the welding of metals and could possibly be a greater percentage in developing nations".(K Danadevi.; et al 2003)
However, it should be noted that prolific research has not been done on this specific link. As such, supporting evidence at this time is limited, but the research that has been conducted does show a clear risk so far to welders.
Completed studies of patients from fertility clinics suggested that welders may have an increased risk of reduced semen quality. In this study conducted by K Danadevi; et al 2003, welders and non-welders from the same plants were asked to provide blood, urine, and semen samples. Urine was analyzed for chromium and nickel, and for mutagenic activity and metal concentration; blood for metal concentrations, immunoglobulin G, total protein, and measures of genotoxicity in lymphocytes; and semen was evaluated by standard semen analysis. "Results of the semen evaluation, showed no difference in semen quality between welders and non-welders." The metal dust exposure of non-welders in the plant may be higher than that in the general population, welders were also compared to referents not working in the metal industry. Again, no decrease in semen quality associated with welding was demonstrated.
In the study conducted by the British Journal of Industrial Medicine (1990), the results established on their research of "the reduction of semen quality and sex hormones among mild steel and stainless steel welders in Denmark", slightly contradicts that of the above. Semen quality was examined in 35 stainless steel welders, 46 mild steel welders, and 54 non-welding metal workers and electricians. The semen quality of each participant was determined by a sample population, particular semen parameters in three semen samples delivered at monthly intervals in a period with occupational exposure in a steady state.
The sperm concentration was not reduced in either mild steel or stainless steel welders. The sperm count per ejaculate, the proportion of normal sperm forms, the degree of sperm motility, and the linear penetration rate of the sperm were significantly decreased and the sperm concentration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was non-significantly increased in mild steel welders. A dose response relation between exposure to welding fumes and these semen parameters (with the exception of sperm count) was found. Semen quality decreased and FSH concentrations increased with increasing exposure. Significant deteriorations in some semen parameters were also observed in stainless steel welders.
Therefore, the health effects of welding are of interest, especially in the welding of stainless steel where the fumes and dusts generated contain hexavalent chromium and nickel. Several chromate and nickel compounds have been shown to be carcinogenic in animals and humans. Several studies have indicated a worldwide decreasing trend in average sperm counts and sperm quality, raising the possibility of a causative role for environmental exposures such as heavy metals.
The results of the current investigation indicated by K Danadevi; et al Grover 2003 "significant reduction in semen quality of the male welders occupationally exposed to nickel and chromium."
These welders showed a significant decrease in sperm count when compared to control men. In addition, the men exposed to welding fumes revealed a decrease in sperm motility. Only limited studies have addressed nickel and chromium-induced reproductive dysfunction. Additionally, smoking did not show an effect on semen parameters in welders or in control men. Alcohol consumption also had no effect on semen parameters. Similarly, another study also demonstrated no significant difference in semen parameters between smokers and nonsmokers and no significant influence of alcohol intake on semen quality in men exposed to lead.
From our findings it can be concluded that welding is associated with abnormal semen parameters and might affect the reproductive success of welders. Exposed workers with normal semen parameters may be fertile; it is not possible from our data to evaluate possible effects of exposure on fertility, which was not directly assessed. Additional studies on the association between nickel and chromium and male fertility will be necessary.
In the book written by Harold I. Zeliger (2011), "toxic infertility refers to adverse effects on the reproductive systems of human males and females resulting from exposure to xenobiotic chemicals and chemical mixtures." This infertility may be due to direct toxic effects on the male or female reproductive organs and endocrine systems, or on the developing fetus such that the fetus either cannot be conceived or cannot be carried to term, or the induction of effects in utero that are manifest during adulthood, and further stated that products containing infertility causative agents include adhesives, paints, silicones, solvents and the fumes from welding rods that are emitted during welding. A xenobiotic compound is defined as a chemical compound foreign to a given biologic system. With respect to animals and humans, xenobiotics include drugs, drug metabolites, and environmental compounds, such as pollutants that are not produced by the body. In the environment, xenobiotics include synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants that would not be found in nature.
Therefore, whilst research dedicated to examining whether there is any link between the inhalation of welding fumes and adverse effects on the reproductive system (in particular looking at male infertility), is being conducted, are limited. It is also apparent that other causative factors can have a negative impact on the reproductive system of welders, and as such, More in-depth research needs to be carried out, with a wider scope to include other possible factors, such as lifestyle habits of the sample population and workplace conditions, which may produce more definitive results than the above studies have shown.
AssumptionsIt is assumed that welders, who participate in this research, will to the best of their ability answer the questionnaires and interview questions accurately. More importantly their actions will benefit not only the researcher, but also their own professional development.
LimitationsIn all research studies there are limitations which can obscure and minimize the effects of the study. The limitation encountered was that sampling had to be done in three separate sessions, due to welders being unable to participate because of work periods. The supervisor of the facility also felt that it was a distraction for workers who a near deadline to complete their tasks.
Because this sample population was important to the study as a whole, a way had to be found around this limitation. Therefore, the researcher 's time had to be synchronize with those of the workers
MethodologyThe purpose of this study is to examine the hazardous health effects associated with welding. The research aim to gather in-depth understanding of the welders ' mindset on the hazardous effects associated with welding.
A qualitative research methodology was used for this study. Collection of data came from two instruments, questionnaires and structured interviews (see Appendix ‘A’ and ‘B’ respectively).
The questionnaires were developed and randomly distributed to forty (40) welders ranging between the ages of eighteen to fifty (18-50) years, males from Point Fortin. These questionnaires were designed to capture information from the exposed sample population and reduce biasing error.
Structured questions were used for conducting interviews individually with twenty (20) welders ranging between the ages of eighteen to fifty (18-50) years, males from Point Fortin, who were randomly selected (See Appendix B). These methods were used since it provided the opportunity to interact with the sample population on a one-on-one basis.
Both for the questionnaires and interviews the welders were made aware of the ethical implications of the research and agreed to answer the questions truthfully. The interviews were conducted on site in a private office provided by the foreman of the site. Generally the questionnaires were completed in five (5) minutes each and the interviews took ten (10) minutes for each person to conduct. In addition to this, the researcher will examine through observations, from the several visits made to the workplace, issues related to the work environment. The goal of the questionnaire and interviews is to illustrate the impact of welding fumes and if those fumes have hazardous effects on welders in Point Fortin. The respondents were asked to return the completed questionnaires as early as possible, but with a two day deadline. This was more effective than mailing it to the company’s address. It increased the control over who actually completed the questionnaire.
Following the completion of the questionnaires and interviews, the responses were edited to ensure completeness, consistency and readability. The data was checked, and arranged in a form that enabled it to be analyzed. The analyzed data from the questionnaires and interviews was then organized into common themes or categories.
This analysis was represented qualitatively and quantitatively in the forms of graphs, figures.
Findingsanalysis from Observations
Welders were conducting repairs on a 500,000 barrel crude oil storage tank in Point Fortin on twelve hours shifts for a duration of eleven months. They worked intermittent shifts, and were allotted two days off per week.
Visual inspection of the work area revealed the storage tank was not properly ventilated.
All welders were allotted two breaks (Lunch and water break) to enable workers to recoup and quench their thirst.
Most welders were equipped with basic personal protective equipment (P.P.E) such as welding gloves, fire retardant coverall, apron, welding mask, face shield and safety footwear. analysis of Data1384300520700Out of the forty (40) questionnaires distributed, (100%) were completed and returned Thirty (30) welders 75 % of the group surveyed were over the age of thirty-five (35) years old.

Figure 1:Showing ages of welders in questionnaire sample group
The general findings were that the elder welders experienced more chronic symptoms than younger welders.
This was corroborated also by the responses of the interview question number 6, which asked if welders are aware of health effects from welding? Responses showed thirty-eight (38), 95% of them experienced health symptoms associated with exposures to welding fumes.
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Figure 3: Showing welders that experienced health symptoms associated with welding

Based on the answers submitted from responses to question 8 of the interview, which asked of welders ever experience any of the following symptoms around the job? Thirty (30), 75 % exhibited chronic symptoms, eight (8), 20% exhibited acute symptoms and
1506434607104two (2), 5% had not experienced any symptoms at all. There is some justification in the results that welders have experienced hazardous effects from exposure to welding fumes.
Figure 4:Showing effect of welding fumes on welders
From both the interviews and questionnaires, 100% of the responders were unaware of the hazardous effects associated with exposure from welding fumes. This suggests that information was not made formerly available on the hazardous effects associated with welding to the welders in Point Fortin.
Question 2 of the interview question asked how long welders have been doing welding? Also question 3 in the questionnaire asked how many years have you been working as a welder?
The responses from both the questionnaire and interviews showed that eight welders experienced acute symptoms had less than ten years of service in the welding profession. The thirty (30) welders that experienced chronic effects have been working for over ten years and the other two individuals who had no symptoms had less than five years service.
This helped in understanding the degree and severity of the problem being investigated.
Whilst this paper did not specifically look at the risk of lung cancer, the fact that chronic symptoms were being experience by the sample population indicated that other factors can attribute and play a more significant role in determining the hazardous effects experienced.
No research was conducted on the lifestyle habits of the sample population to illustrate who were in activities such as smoking and drinking.
Question 5 in the questionnaire and question 6 in the interview asked if welders were aware of the health and hazardous effects associated with welding, 85% indicated that they were not. This is an indication that persons were not aware of the hazards associated with welding fume exposure.
Question 7 in both the questionnaire and interview which asked if persons did regular medical checkups, 65% indicated that they did not, while 35% indicated that they did.

Figure 2: Showing percentage welders who did and did not do Medical Check up
Question 7 in the questionnaire and question 8 in the interview asked how often they did medical checkups, 30% percent indicated bi-annually while 5% indicated annually.
Based on the results, one can infer that the hazardous effects experienced by the sample population could partially be caused by welding fume exposure on the job.
ConclusionFrom the results gathered through the interviews, questionnaires and general observations made, coupled with the vast amount of research on the topic from secondary data, one can conclude that the debilitating extent and hazardous effects experienced by welders are as a result of exposure to welding fumes.
It was also argued that, along with standard liver function tests, alcohol consumption should be evaluated when studying the hazardous effects in welders.
More definitive and in-dept research, with a broader scope to include other possible factors such as the activities of welders should be considered. This will aid with additional mitigation measures to guard against welders susceptibility to welding fumes.
Also developing and instrumentation of engineering countermeasures to reduce exposure to welding fumes are essential for welders. As it stands, studies indicate that there may be other factors in tandem with welding fume exposure, that contribute to the detrimental hazardous health effects in welders.
Lifestyle habits, generic pre-disposition to certain illnesses, and contraction of other diseases may all increase the vulnerability of welders. This can also increase the risk of contraction of illness attributed to welding fumes exposure.
It is evident that those in the welding profession in Point Fortin are unfamiliar with the hazardous effects of welding associated with their job. It can be concluded that numerous internal as well as external factors influence the increased hazards associated with welding fume exposure.
RecommendationsEstablishment of exposure limits to welding fumes in the workplaceMuch of the international regulatory framework applied to welding is directed towards protecting the health of workers by maintaining their exposure to fume and gases within defined limits known as exposure limits. More importantly the limited legislation by the governing body must be made into to law to regulate the welding force and decrease these hazardous effects to welders.
The Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) of Trinidad and Tobago do not currently regulate welding fumes, and there is no local legislation or regulation which mandates protection of workers from welding fumes.
Since there are no exposure limits set for welders locally, international standards could be adopted and or adapted as best practice in the interim to safeguard against being over-exposed to the toxic welding fumes.The use of Engineering Controls to Protect Welders from Welding Fumes
Engineering controls can be implemented by employers to safeguard employees against welding fumes. Ventilation systems, respirators, training, industrial hygiene monitoring and alternative welding methods can help to improve air quality conditions in work areas.
Ventilation SystemsFor indoor welding operations, all employers should ensure that proper ventilation systems are incorporated into welding work areas. These systems, which include hoods, roof vents and high-speed intake, exhaust fans. This captures toxic fumes and gases at their source and removes them so that clean stream of air enters the welder 's breathing space. Most source-capture mechanisms are ducts that can be easily attached to exhaust or filter systems, but welding guns can also help to extract fumes from the air.
To capture welding fumes in large work areas, the uses of downdraft worktables are recommended so that the fumes are directed down and away from the welder 's breathing space. Ceilings more than sixteen (16) feet high and routine air monitoring to determine any changes in exposure levels will also help to reduce welding fumes and gases in work areas.
For outdoor welding operations, all employers should instruct welders to avoid standing directly in or near the fume plume and to work upwind to reduce their exposure. This is especially critical for welders who work in small outdoor welding boxes where ventilation may be overlooked, thus allowing fumes to collect. Fans, where possible, may also be used to blow fumes away from welders.
New LegislationIt is important that the welding fraternity as a whole make a stronger appeal for welding legislation in Trinidad and Tobago. This proposed new legislation should ensure that the user is always doing their job safely and aware of all the hazards and health effect associated with welding fume exposure.
LobbyingIncreased awareness through information dissemination and welding specific Legislation are needed. This can be brought about through a lobbying drive with individual Trade Unions, trade union bodies such as the National Trade Union Centre of Trinidad and Tobago (NATUC) and the Federation of Independent Trade Unions and Non-Governmental Organizations (FITUN). This lobby group must also include welders, any organisation of welders, or interested employers’ organisations.
If welding mitigations processes are to become a reality through a national effort. This national lobbying endeavour should take immediate effect and if possible culminate by December 2014.
Word Count 7216
Definition and TermsAsbestos A set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals.
Carcinogens Agents/substances directly involved in causing cancer.
Flux cored Automatic/Semi-automatic arc welding process.
Globus Pallidus A sub-cortical structure of the brain.
Hexavalent Chromium Compounds that are genotoxic carcinogens.
Liver Cirrhosis Advance liver disease.
Manganese
OSHA Chemical element used as an industrial alloy.
Occupational Safety Health Authority.
Parkinson 's Disease Degenerative disorder of the central nervous system.
Psychomotor The relationship between cognitive functions and physical movement.
Siderosis The deposition of iron in tissue.
Silica
TLV Naturally occurring minerals in rock and soil.
Threshold limit value.
Tubular
TWA The form of a cylinder or tube.
Time weighted average.
Xenobiotic
COSHH
NIOSH
STEL
HSE
ACGIH A foreign chemical found within an organism.
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Short term exposure limit.
Health and Safety Executive.
American Conference of Industrial Hygienist.
BibliographyAw Tar-Ching. (2007). Target Organs. In: J.M. Harrington Occupational Health Pocket Consultant. UK: John Wiley & Sons. p29-34.
Blunt Dr. Jane. (2002). Hazardous Welding. In: Dr. Nigel C. Balchin Health and Safety in Welding and Allied Processes. Baltimore: Woodhead. p201-214.
Boekholt Richard. (2000). The Welding Workplace. In: Roland KadeforsThe Welding Workplace Technology Change and Work Management for Global Welding Industry. 6th ed. England: Abington Publishing. p67-69.
Bridigum Todd. (2008). Safety. In: James Manning Michels How to Weld. Minneapolis: Motorbooks. p10-16.
Jeffus Larry. (2004). Occupation hazards in Welding. In: Jill Carnahan Welding Principles and Applications. 5th ed. New York: Delmar Learning. p5-21.
Messler,Robert W. Jr.. (1999). The Evolution of Welding as a Process. In: John Wiley & Sons Principles of Welding. Singapore: Markono Print Media. p6-16.
Serageldin.Mohammed (2001). Emission Points and Control Techniques. In: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. 10th ed. United States of America: Diane Publishing. p3-26.
Singh Ramesh. (2012). Welding Metallurgy and Welding Processes. In: Butterworth-Heinemann Engineering Process,Codes and Standards. Oxford: Elsevier. p111-125.

ReferencesAndrews Raquel. (2011). Important Welding Supplies For Getting The Job Done. Available: http://www.usweldingsupply.com/welding-supplies.html. Last accessed 01st Jun 2014.
Alleyne, A. (2014). Welding Fumes. Available: http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Your_Industry/Chemicals/Chemical_Agents/Welding_Fumes/Welding_Fumes.html. Last accessed 7th May 2014.
Baker Derek. (2011). The Respiratory Protection Solution for Welding Fume Exposures. Available: http://ehstoday.com/industrial_hygiene/respiratory-protection-solution-for-welding-fumes-0301. Last accessed 29 Mar 2014.
Brandy Bergman. (2005). Welding Health & Safety. Available: http://www.weldinginfocenter.org/health/danish_release.html. Last accessed 25th May 2014.
Cyzewski.Ed. (2012). Why Welding Safety Is Important?. Available: http://www.weldmyworld.com/blog/2012/02/why-welding-safety-is-important.html. Last accessed 20th May 2014.
Ed.D Bill Hallock. (2008). Electric Arc Welding. Available: http://www.clarion.edu/83694/ . Last accessed 27th Mar 2014.
Edwards,. Angela (2011). The Hot Facts About Welding and Cutting Safety. Available from: http://www.safetymanagementgroup.com/articles/The-Hot-Facts-About-Welding-and-Cutting-Safety.aspx . Last accessed 21st May 2014.
Franklin, G. (2011). The Hot Facts About Welding and Cutting Safety.Available: http://www.safetymanagementgroup.com/articles/The-Hot-Facts-About-Welding-and-Cutting-Safety.aspx. Last accessed 01st Jun 2014.
Iwasaki, T. (2005). Some engineering countermeasures to reduce exposure to welding fumes and gases avoiding occurrence of blow holes in welded material.. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15895853. Last accessed 3rd Jun 2014.
J. Visdos Robert. (2013). State of the Welding Industry. Available: http://www.weld-ed.org/NR/rdonlyres/363B5036-3FB6-4631-B0DE-30B91EB82B88/0/welded_excutive_summ.pdf. Last accessed 16th May 2014.
Pipere Joseph. (2007). Welding Safety, PPE, Cutting Safety. Available: http://www.weldguru.com/welding-safety.html. Last accessed 28th Apr 2014.
Scott, R. (2007). Welding - Important Safety Issues. Available: http://ezinearticles.com/?Welding---Important-Safety-Issues&id=596791. Last accessed 13th May 2014.
TWI GLOBAL. (2013). What is submerged-arc welding?. Available: http://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/process-faqs/faq-what-is-submerged-arc-welding/. Last accessed 27th Mar 2014.
Appendix "A"
QuestionnaireThis questionnaire is being conducted to identify if welders are exposed to fumes from welding. Persons are required to tick the appropriate box. All answers provided will be kept confidential. No identifying information will be provided and the data will be reported in a summary fashion.
1. Sex: M FORMCHECKBOX F FORMCHECKBOX 2. Age: FORMCHECKBOX 18 – 25 FORMCHECKBOX 26– 30 FORMCHECKBOX 31– 35 FORMCHECKBOX 36– 40 FORMCHECKBOX 41– 45 FORMCHECKBOX 46– 50 FORMCHECKBOX over 50
3. How many years have you been working as a welder? FORMCHECKBOX Less than 5 years FORMCHECKBOX 5 years - 9 years FORMCHECKBOX 10 years – 15 years FORMCHECKBOX Over 15 years
4. Have you ever experienced any of the following symptoms?
Asthma FORMCHECKBOX Bronchitis FORMCHECKBOX Chills FORMCHECKBOX Lung Cancer FORMCHECKBOX Coughing FORMCHECKBOX Emphysema FORMCHECKBOX Eye Irritation FORMCHECKBOX Fever FORMCHECKBOX Nose Irritation FORMCHECKBOX Gastritis or stomach ulcers FORMCHECKBOX Genitourinary Cancers FORMCHECKBOX Headache FORMCHECKBOX Shortness of Breath FORMCHECKBOX Hearing loss FORMCHECKBOX Heart disease FORMCHECKBOX Kidney damage FORMCHECKBOX Wheezing FORMCHECKBOX Laryngeal Cancers FORMCHECKBOX Lead Poisoning FORMCHECKBOX Metallic Taste in the Mouth FORMCHECKBOX Muscle Pain FORMCHECKBOX Nausea FORMCHECKBOX Pneumonia FORMCHECKBOX Skin disease FORMCHECKBOX Neurologic complications/Nerve damage FORMCHECKBOX Throat Irritation FORMCHECKBOX 5. Are you aware of any hazardous fumes associated with welding? Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMCHECKBOX
6. Do you wish to learn more about hazards associated with welding fume? Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMCHECKBOX
7. Does your employer have medical checkups for welders? Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMCHECKBOX
8. If yes, how often? Annually FORMCHECKBOX Bi-Annually FORMCHECKBOX Semi-Annually FORMCHECKBOX
Comments: .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Appendix "B":
Interview QuestionsThis survey is being conducted to identify if welders are exposed to fumes from welding. Persons are required to answer questions truthfully. All answers provided will be kept confidential. No identifying information will be provided and the data will be reported in a summary fashion.
Are you a certified welder? …………………………………………………
How long have you been doing welding? …………………………………………………
What are the types of welding methods you perform on a daily basis?
………………………………………………………………………….....................
Have you ever been trained or oriented on awareness of the hazards involved with welding?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................
Do you know of any diseases associated with welding? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..............................................................
Are you aware of health effects from welding fumes? ………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………..............................................................
Do you do any regular medical checkups? If so, how often? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................................................................
Have you ever experience any of the following symptoms around the job? (eye, nose, and throat irritation, fever, chills, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, muscle pain, and a metallic taste in the mouth.) ....……….…………………………………………………….…....………………...………………………………………………………………………….....................
If so, are there any recurrences in these symptoms? ………………………………………….......................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………..........
Were you ever medically treated for or still receiving treatment for any chronic illness? If so, What? ............................................................................................ …………………………………………………………………………………...........

References: ndrews Raquel. (2011). Important Welding Supplies For Getting The Job Done. Available: http://www.usweldingsupply.com/welding-supplies.html. Last accessed 01st Jun 2014. Alleyne, A. (2014). Welding Fumes. Available: http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Your_Industry/Chemicals/Chemical_Agents/Welding_Fumes/Welding_Fumes.html. Last accessed 7th May 2014. Baker Derek. (2011). The Respiratory Protection Solution for Welding Fume Exposures. Available: http://ehstoday.com/industrial_hygiene/respiratory-protection-solution-for-welding-fumes-0301. Last accessed 29 Mar 2014. Brandy Bergman. (2005). Welding Health & Safety. Available: http://www.weldinginfocenter.org/health/danish_release.html. Last accessed 25th May 2014. Cyzewski.Ed. (2012). Why Welding Safety Is Important?. Available: http://www.weldmyworld.com/blog/2012/02/why-welding-safety-is-important.html. Last accessed 20th May 2014. Ed.D Bill Hallock. (2008). Electric Arc Welding. Available: http://www.clarion.edu/83694/ . Last accessed 27th Mar 2014. Edwards,. Angela (2011). The Hot Facts About Welding and Cutting Safety. Available from: http://www.safetymanagementgroup.com/articles/The-Hot-Facts-About-Welding-and-Cutting-Safety.aspx . Last accessed 21st May 2014. Franklin, G. (2011). The Hot Facts About Welding and Cutting Safety.Available: http://www.safetymanagementgroup.com/articles/The-Hot-Facts-About-Welding-and-Cutting-Safety.aspx. Last accessed 01st Jun 2014. Iwasaki, T. (2005). Some engineering countermeasures to reduce exposure to welding fumes and gases avoiding occurrence of blow holes in welded material.. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15895853. Last accessed 3rd Jun 2014. J. Visdos Robert. (2013). State of the Welding Industry. Available: http://www.weld-ed.org/NR/rdonlyres/363B5036-3FB6-4631-B0DE-30B91EB82B88/0/welded_excutive_summ.pdf. Last accessed 16th May 2014. Pipere Joseph. (2007). Welding Safety, PPE, Cutting Safety. Available: http://www.weldguru.com/welding-safety.html. Last accessed 28th Apr 2014. Scott, R. (2007). Welding - Important Safety Issues. Available: http://ezinearticles.com/?Welding---Important-Safety-Issues&id=596791. Last accessed 13th May 2014. TWI GLOBAL. (2013). What is submerged-arc welding?. Available: http://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/process-faqs/faq-what-is-submerged-arc-welding/. Last accessed 27th Mar 2014.