Pryke S, Andersson S. 2004. Experimental evidence for female choice and energetic costs of male tail elongation in red-collared widowbirds. Biol J Linn Soc. 86, 35-43.…
The purpose of the research was to formulate a question and develop a hypothesis based on the variations observed between two populations of threespine stickleback, in order to gain a better understanding of natural selection and evolution. Measurements were taken of the number of scutes, ventral length and standard length in Population A. Population B data was provided by instructor. Four null hypotheses were formed on each of the measurements taken, the last hypothesis being no difference between populations. Data was collected from classmates and then compiled together into an excel spreadsheet. Using the spreadsheet, determined confidences intervals and looked for overlapping in the populations. From the confidence interval, it was concluded that there was a significant change between the populations. All of the hypotheses were rejected except for one. Thus proving phenotypic variation and natural selection occurred.…
Directional selection is taking place. The beak size increases slowly, from 12.47 to 26.95. The population decreased because of the lack of seeds available for the birds to eat.…
Dodos and Passenger Pigeons are both extinct birds that died by human hands. They are both birds that look similar, but they were two different type of birds. They lived in two different areas of the world and their habits were different. The reason why they became extinct are two different stories. There are differences between the Dodos and Passenger Pigeons such as are how they became extinct, in their body size, and where they lived.…
Over much time, evolution through natural selection has given both of these lizards similar characteristics which help them survive in harsh desert conditions. They have developed pointed heads and flattened duck-bill snouts for burrowing and diving into the sand, enlarged scales…
The Red Crested Night Heron in the short story, “Night calls” by Lisa Fugard, symbolizes the dad’s depression and sadness for the loss of his wife. The start of the story explains how Marlene, her dad, and her mom lived in a happy sanctuary for animals. The county graciously granted to the family, a beautiful and endangered, Red Crested Night Heron, to keep in their sanctuary. Sadly the mom, died in a car crash and Marlene's father completely shut down and sent her off to boarding school. When Marlene comes back every year the bird is in worse condition and the fathers depression doesn't get much better. One day Marlene sees her father going into the Red Crested Night Heron’s cage and taking the bird into the woods. Marlene is taking a walk…
Sexual selection can be used to explain certain characteristics or behaviours which increase an individual’s reproductive success. These characteristics may get exaggerated over evolutionary time. In humans, these characteristics may include good physical and mental health, as well as physical features such as good looks etc. these characteristics are attractive because they show an ability to reproduce and pass on these genes to offspring. There are two types of sexual selection, intrasexual and intersexual. Intrasexual selection is the evolution of characteristics that enable an individual to compete with their rivals whereas intersexual selection is the evolution of characteristics that are attractive to a mate. An example of this would be a peacock’s tail. The peacock with the ‘best’ tail (longest and brightest etc.) is considered to be more attractive to the peahen and therefore he is more likely to reproduce and pass on his genes to the next generation. Buss, 1989, found evidence to support this. Over 10000 participants across 37 different cultures took part in his study on differences in intersexual selection. Questionnaires were given to the participants, asking about preferences for variables such as marriage, age differences, characteristics etc. He found that women valued qualities such as ambition and industriousness in men – qualities showing their financial potential. He also found that men valued youth and physical attractiveness more highly than women. This suggests that males look for qualities associated with fertility in line with evolutionary predictions. He concluded that women have evolved to select mates who can provide resources for themselves and their offspring. Buss’ study had over 10000 participants and therefore has credibility, however the participants may have not given a truthful answer and instead given one they thought would appear more…
Dimorphism (the difference between the sexes) arises because of intrasexual selection. This is because of intrasexual competition. If males have to compete, they need to be able to…
Most commonly it is because breeders become selfish and “force” the females to mate with males that are much larger than they are. Which…
Finches reside on two islands, Darwin and Wallace. Parameters for one island will be changed to study the evolution of the finch’s beak size and population. This experiment will show basic principles of evolution by examining the finches over a time frame of 100 years. The purpose of this experiment is to understand factor that effect evolution of a species and biological and environmental factors that influence evolution by natural selection. Hypothesis- If the same species of finches populate a larger island (Darwin), then they will reproduce more and have better survival rates than a small, restricted island (Wallace).…
Directional – peacock’s tail, female peacock will choose to mate with male with best/most colorful tail. But a tail too extravagent could harm against predators…
In EvolutionLab, beak size is a trait that affects survival. Birds with small beaks are more efficient at utilizing small soft seeds whereas birds with large beaks are better at utilizing large hard seeds. Therefore, when more small seeds available, birds with small beaks have a higher rate of survival than birds with large beaks. Conversely, when more large seeds available, birds with large beaks have a higher rate of survival than birds with small beaks. Thus, beak size satisfies the first condition listed above. In EvolutionLab we can control for the variation in beak size and the heritability of beak size. This allows us to experimentally test Darwin’s second and third points listed above.…
The roles and rights of women in the Victorian era up to nineteen hundreds differ drastically from where women stand today. In the play “Trifles” by Susan Glaspell, females are portrayed to be an insignificant part of society compared to the importance of males. Susan Glaspell’s play Trifles is a murder mystery type of play that discovers and analyzes gender roles and corrupt relationships due to the Victorian time period.…
Evolutionary means organism developing from an earlier form in order to survive in their environment.…
In the essay, "The Bothersome Beauty of Pigeons," Bruce Ballenger initially compares the street vendors in one of Florence's piazzas to the urban pigeons we are so familiar with. He elogently describes the vendors as marvelous spectacles who add culture and life to urban areas. While they are considered a neusance to a lot of people, they also hold a certain beauty. They are much like the pigeons, and there seems to be a war against both the illegal street vendors and the city pigeon. It is a war where there are no hearts involved. The police almost turn a blind eye toward the illegal act of vending without a liscense, much like the average person tolerates the pigeon. I think that Ballenger's main idea for his essay is exploring the paradoxical feelings that we can get from things that are bothersome yet beautiful, specifically the pigeon. Ballenger might have originally asked himself, Why, if pigeons are such a neusance, are people still so facinated and enchanted by the creatures?…