4. NADH- reduces 2 pyruvate to 2 lactic acid in fermentation, reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to NAD) *CANNOT pass through the mitochondrion*…
To start the literacy learner study, the student completed an oral reading fluency assessment. This was completed using DIBELS Next (Dynamic Measurement Group, 2013). This student read 22 words per minute with 73% accuracy. According to the DIBELS report, this student requires intensive instruction and scored in red on the assessment. Because the student scored in red, he had to complete an Informal Phonics Inventory (McKenna & Stahl, 2008, p. 125-131). This assessment’s data reveals the areas of strengths and weaknesses of the student’s phonics skills. Using the results from these assessments helped to determine the literacy learner’s independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels (Morris, 2014a). Knowing and understanding these levels helps to guide instructional design and implementation of effective and appropriate activities.…
The purpose of this study is to find ways to help a child improve their reading test scores. How is it that a child who reads two grades above their level cannot perform well when it comes to taking state assessments? Is it the teacher or is the child playing around when it comes to taking tests? Maybe the child can read really well but does not comprehend what they read and they get nervous during the test, which would also cause them to score low. This child was chosen because he reads at least two to three levels above his grade, but on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test he scored below what he was expected to score. I noticed that he had the most trouble in the area of Reading Application. This area consists of main idea, identifying the author’s purpose, making inferences, cause and effect, and compare and contrast. Tutoring sessions will be used to work with each of the specific parts of reading application to see if the student can improve his test scores. This child seems to be exhibiting from some sort of problem in the area of reading, and being the successful educator, this research will help to find a solution to this problem.…
- The voices that represent aspects of old and new Afghanistan (Assef - Taliban, Farid - How Afghanistan used to be)…
Schumm, J. and Arguelles, M. (2006). Reading Assessment and Instruction for All Learners. New York, New York. Guildford Press. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ashford/docDetail.action?docID=10172281&p00=%22literature%20tone%22…
Since the beginning of recorded history, scholars and educators knew that reading was important. For the past four centuries, reading instruction has been the core of learning. Learning to read was essential for students since, if they were unable to read, they did not have exposure to the writings of the great thinkers of Greece and Rome. Without that exposure, the newest of the great thinkers would have been unable to pass down their philosophical thoughts and teachings to the next generations of readers, and learning, for any subject, would be dead. Various methods have been researched and taught, from the alphabet and spelling to phonics and whole language. How to teach reading has had its many challenges and controversies, and numerous studies have been conducted to determine what the best and most effective strategy is for teaching reading.…
Before we continue, at this point it is important to define the term higher order reading skills. While many children can read individual words or indeed a string of words to form sentences they may not necessarily understand what it is they are reading about. Even a child who is a fluent reader may have difficulty in comprehending a text. “Fluency is important because it is closely related to comprehension” (www.ibe.unesco.org, 2008). This author continues by saying, “comprehension is the process of deriving meaning from connected text it involves word knowledge as well as thinking and reasoning.” Higher order reading skills help to develop a child’s ability to comprehend a text.…
The ability to read is thought to be fundamentally important for functionality in our modern world. Nations measure the success of educational institutions by the ability to produce highly literate citizens and funding for many educational institutions in the United States and elsewhere hinges on the literacy attainment of student populations. The international demand for reading success has over the years resulted in periodic shifts in reading instruction with fervent emphasis at one point on the Top Down model of reading with an equally fervent shift to the Bottom Up model of reading instruction. Historically,…
Stated by Ruskey (2011), Samuels work from the 1970’s continues to have influence in the field of reading strategies that focus on practice and repetition (p.19). Samuel (1979) found four supporting findings for his work in repeated reading, first, the original findings had been replicated to a high degree of accuracy and speed develops in the practiced text; next, there is a transfer of fluency to other portions of the text, even the parts that were not specifically practiced; then, repeated reading is the most universally used remedial reading technique to help poor readers improve reading skill; Finally, repeated reading is now widely used widely to teach reading in foreign languages (p.381). An important finding in Samuel’s work demonstrated that as the student continued to use this method, the data revealed that the student speed with each new passage increased from the previous one (Ruskey, 2011, p.19). The author hypothesizes that 4th grade ELL students will improve their reading fluency score due to repeated reading in small group…
This book “Strategies for Struggling Readers” is a very resourceful teacher’s book that provides the five components of reading (phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension). Throughout this book it has teacher’s instructions on how to teach the material directly to the students and exercises or activities to support each lesson.…
For many students, successful reading is assimilated into their experience quickly and with seeming smoothness. For perhaps as many as 20% of students however, reading is not an automatic skill. Patterns of understanding have to be systematically instilled…
Unfortunately, Reading fluency is a significant struggle for many. The less fluent a reader, the more he or she must focus on decoding individual words. Less fluent readers have difficulty with oral reading, which is often slow, choppy, and without natural expression. Less fluent readers must focus their time and attention on figuring out the words, leaving little room for actually understanding the text. Since reading fluency is the key to reading comprehension, less fluent readers often fall behind…
Learning to read is one of the most essential skills a child will master. Reading is the foundation of a child's educational future. The success of one's career and education is dependent upon their reading ability. Without the ability a read, a person cannot enjoy all this world has to offer, such as reading about world history, driving a car, reading a letter from a friend, or learning a new language. Reading unlocks doors that would otherwise be locked forever. In recent years there has been a great deal of debate on the methods used to teach our children how to read; parents and teachers need to determine whether the whole language, phonics or a combination of both methods is the most adequate approach for teaching their children to read.…
One must be aware of the IRA standards for reading professionals before they can begin to deal with the actually reading components and these standards state that not only are professionals suppose to demonstrate knowledge of the major components of reading (phonemic awareness, word identification and phonics, vocabulary and background knowledge, fluency, comprehension strategies, and motivation) but also how all of these standards are the very core in fluent reading. Wide ranges of curriculum materials are needed for effective reading instruction to address all learners and their abilities, which is also stated in the IRA standards. In addition, the many cultural and linguistic backgrounds should be addressed for successful learning. Children need to know that later in life reading is a big component in trying to apply for jobs, reading road maps, and state road signs among other things. One component that is vital to reading is comprehension because a child needs to be…
Hudson, R. F., Lane, H. B., & Pullen, P. C. (2005). Reading fluency assessment and…