The Physics Behind the Golf Ball
The Physics behind the Golf Ball
One factor that greatly affects the flight and trajectory of a golf ball is the air resistance. People may think that air resistance would make the golf ball slower and drop faster, but this is not true. Modern golf balls have adapted to this by having circular shallow depressions, also known as “dimples,” on the ball. This was invented by a English engineer William Taylor in 1908. Unlike other designs, the dimple proved to be the most aerodynamically efficient.
Dimpled balls fly farther than non-dimpled balls due to the combination of two effects. There is drag, which is the force acting opposite to the object to slow it down, lift which is the force acting at a right angle to drag and generally upwards, and gravity.
How is lift created? Newton’s third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The ball when spins exerts a force on the air to push it downward. The reaction is an equal force that the air applies to the ball, pushing it up which creates the lift. From the Bernoulli principle, when the velocity increases the pressure decreases. Therefore, the pressure on the upper surface is less than the pressure on the lower surface of the ball. The difference in pressure results in a lift being applied to the ball. This concept also applies to cars and planes.
How is drag created?
Drag is created when any object moves through air. the dimples on the surface of a golf ball cause the boundary layer on the upstream side of the ball to transition from laminar to turbulent. The turbulent boundary layer is able to remain attached to the surface of the ball much longer than a laminar boundary and so creates a narrower, low pressure, wake and hence less pressure drag. The reduction in pressure drag causes the ball to travel further.
Golf balls are different from other object because unlike a car or a plane, a golf ball has to be circular and creates a large amount of drag. The air hits the front
One factor that greatly affects the flight and trajectory of a golf ball is the air resistance. People may think that air resistance would make the golf ball slower and drop faster, but this is not true. Modern golf balls have adapted to this by having circular shallow depressions, also known as “dimples,” on the ball. This was invented by a English engineer William Taylor in 1908. Unlike other designs, the dimple proved to be the most aerodynamically efficient.
Dimpled balls fly farther than non-dimpled balls due to the combination of two effects. There is drag, which is the force acting opposite to the object to slow it down, lift which is the force acting at a right angle to drag and generally upwards, and gravity.
How is lift created? Newton’s third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The ball when spins exerts a force on the air to push it downward. The reaction is an equal force that the air applies to the ball, pushing it up which creates the lift. From the Bernoulli principle, when the velocity increases the pressure decreases. Therefore, the pressure on the upper surface is less than the pressure on the lower surface of the ball. The difference in pressure results in a lift being applied to the ball. This concept also applies to cars and planes.
How is drag created?
Drag is created when any object moves through air. the dimples on the surface of a golf ball cause the boundary layer on the upstream side of the ball to transition from laminar to turbulent. The turbulent boundary layer is able to remain attached to the surface of the ball much longer than a laminar boundary and so creates a narrower, low pressure, wake and hence less pressure drag. The reduction in pressure drag causes the ball to travel further.
Golf balls are different from other object because unlike a car or a plane, a golf ball has to be circular and creates a large amount of drag. The air hits the front
Bibliography: * Tutelman, Dave, 2007, Flight of the Golf Ball. http://www.tutelman.com/golf/design/swing3.php?ref=, 4 October 2008. * http://en.wikipedia.org * http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-11/aiop-tpo111908.php