The Role Of Flappers In The 1920's
The death and devastation that resulted from World War I gave birth to a rebellious mentality among American citizens who wanted to live their lives to the fullest. Flappers were a breed of new women in the 1920s that defied convention and attempted to redefine the female role. Women began to smoke cigars, test with sexual rules and disregard traditional Victorian etiquette. Prior to this era, females were governed by rigid regulations and robbed of their social, cultural and constitutional rights. The roaring 20s, a decade of cultural change, granted several females enough freedom to rebel against the submissive role that they had been subject to for centuries. Flappers received an inconceivable amount of negative and positive attention. Because
…show more content…
these women ventured past societal boundaries and stereotypes, words like demoralizing, loose, and scandalous were used to slander their reputation. Flappers stood out because of their rebellious nature; they showed the world that women were bold. They were a short-term movement that had a long-term effect. Even though “by the end of the decade, the flapper’s rebellion was already over, this did not mean that American women were ready to give up the rights and privileges they had won.”1 Flappers only lasted until the Great depression in 1929; however, they had revolutionized the woman’s role in society and set the foundation for modern women today. After being plunged into one of the ugliest wars in history, America faced a restless peace. There was conflict between those who could accept change and those who refused to. The high death rate during the war added a greater sense of value to life. This, as well as the declaration of suffrage for females in 1920, was enough to give birth to a nation of modern women, the flappers. White upper and middle-class females began to take control of their lives. This resulted in one of the most dramatic cultural changes ever to occur in such a short period of time. Generally, the flapper’s demand for freedom showed in the way she acted and dressed. Her dual quality meant that, “on the one hand, she was a temptress, an aspect emphasized in movie stars who exuded sexual power and appeal, and on the other hand the 1920s flapper was a challenger and competitor.”2 Flappers wore skirts that stopped at their knees, replaced corsets and padded undergarments with loose clothing and exchanged hourglass curves for boyish figures. Moreover, these women began to engage in activities previously limited to men, such as drinking alcohol. They went out to jazz clubs and speakeasies and seemed to promote promiscuity. According to many young women, “the flapper’s clothes advertised both equality and sexuality,”3 because they were no longer restrained by tight corsets. Their loose garments allowed them to dance the Charleston, the shimmy, and black bottom, all of which conservatives considered wild and obscene. Flappers also smoked with just as much confidence as men, and this reflected the movement’s aim to redefine the women’s role and establish equality among men and women.
Flappers had a significant amount of social influence in America. By breaking social codes, they had the upper hand in pop culture and dictated the ins and outs of female fashion. Lipsticks, as well as rouge, found its way onto women’s faces, while “ a generation earlier, make-up was [mainly] associated with prostitutes.”4 Women turned to fashion to express themselves; dresses were lighter and brighter, and backless dresses received special attention.4 An old magazine article expressed a comical response to the growing epidemic of short skirts when it claimed, “for the first time since civilization began, the world is learning that girls, women, females, maidens and damsels have KNEES.”5 Young females started to bob their hair, and uniform adjustments were made that revealed more leg than usual. What struck really struck a cord among Americans was that, a generation earlier, females smoking in public were arrested, yet during the 1920’s even convent- bred girls had no qualms about taking a puff in public. Although the flappers were initially white middle and upper class women, they managed to spread a message that transcended other populations. The rise of mass consumerism allowed for trending flapper-influenced fashion items to make it into the hands of the minorities. African American entertainer, Josephine Baker symbolized the flapper style; she broke barriers and lived by her own rules. Young Mexican and Asians also began to embrace flapperdom with an ethnic twist. “For these young immigrant women, becoming a flapper was a way of accommodating the old world to the new.”6 The societal influence of the modern woman was also heightened when Hollywood began to glamorize the image of the flapper. Joan Crawford is a perfect example of a Hollywood produced flapper; women ‘like her were the subjects ‘of much discussion in the press, the pulpit, and periodicals.’7
In 1920, The New York Times ran a head line that read: "the American Woman ... has lifted her skirts far beyond any modest limitation"8. This headline applied to more than just fashion; women were now rolling up their skirts and making their way into the business world. The flappers’ demand for the same social freedoms that men enjoyed went hand in hand with their demand for economic independence. This consequently led to their departure from homes and their assertion in the business world.9 For the first time in America, women became “a recognized factor in the vast new trading capital class.”10 Before WW1 females commonly took jobs as teachers and domestic servants, “but during the war they were able to move on to jobs such as: salespeople in department stores as well as clerical, secretarial and other "lace-collar" jobs.”11 Some women joined the assembly lines in factories and “by 1929, more than a quarter of all women --- and more than half of all single women---were gainfully employed. In Chicago, Philadelphia and other large cities, up to 1/3 of female workers lived alone in private apartments, free from the close surveillance of their parents.”12 As flappers and their followers became the major purchaser of consumer goods, whole new industries, such as the cosmetic and beauty industry, appeared.13 Other industrialists would design products that specifically appealed to feminine tastes, and soon flappers became “a major prop for a new mass consumerism society.”14 In April of 1929, The North American Review reported that women were earning up to “$15,000 a year, living on half, and investing the rest.”15 For the first time in America, women impacted the economy on a large scale. Flappers successfully introduced a sense of economic independence among women; they initiated what seems to be the norm for many females today.
Apart from the flappers themselves, other women were indirectly influenced by the rise of the modern woman. A less extreme version of the flapper became respectable among the old and new generation. Some women cut their hair and disposed of their corsets, but didn 't go to the extreme of flapper-hood. In a popular article appealing to parents in 1922, a young female explained that she liked to “attend hops, and proms, ball-games, and crew races, and other affairs at men 's colleges,” [but admitted], “ I don’t use rouge, or lipstick, or pluck my eyebrows. I don 't smoke (I 've tried it, and don 't like it), or drink, or tell "peppy stories."16. This confirms that even women who were not flappers were still influenced by them. These females were also fueled by rebellion, but expressed it in a less ostentatious manner. They liked to publicly express intuitive opinions on all topics of the day among men and assume more control over their lives. They shared the same desire as flappers to level the playing field between themselves and men.
Just as the adoration towards the flappers was evident, the fight against them remained clear. American conservatives still held on to traditional values, and immediately voiced their aversion to modern women. Questions like, ‘Where is your daughter this afternoon?’ and headlines like “From the Ballroom to Hell,”18 flooded the media. Mrs. E. Whittemore, [a fervent critic of the flappers], estimated that 70% of all prostitutes had been spoiled by jazz music.19 Additionally, flappers were not just in America, they also reeked havoc and broke moral codes in other countries as well. Similar to America, women in these places were expected to live by higher moral standards. Taken from the Freeman 's Journal published in Ireland in March 1925, disgust towards the new lack of morals was clear when it stated, “Modern ideas, modern dress, modern plays, motion pictures, modern conversation and many other modern dangers seems to be sapping the purity of mind of our girlhood.”20 Sticking with the movement was therefore not easy, these girls were criticized by family and strangers alike and therefore, had to remain iron-willed throughout the era. This resounding courage has made its way from the flappers of the 1920s to independent females of the 21st century.
The Flappers were gender benders; they sparked a rebellion against strict Victorian morality and introduced a new way of life to women of different races, social classes and ages. Despite the criticism the flapper received from many conservatives, her impact was widespread. She might have “hiked her hemlines, puffed cigarettes, danced the Charleston and snuck gin”, [but she] “earned her own keep, controlled her own destiny and secured her own liberties.”21 Flappers attempted to change the social status of women by embracing modernity and transforming the concept of the ideal woman. They are recorded in history as an impactful yet fleeting movement that ended abruptly in 1929; however, by being the first to introduce the world to the concept of the ‘modern woman,’ they set the foundation for the liberal daughters of today. Women after the movement refused to return to the traditional Victorian etiquette. Nearly a hundred years later, the flapper has become outdated, but flapper-related issues have not. “As long as controversies over youth culture, sex, and gender roles persist, the debate over everything flappers represented will continue in one form or another.”22 After the flappers revolutionized the female role in the twenties, national culture was never again the same. In essence, the modern women of the flapper’s era paved the way for women 's economic and social liberties in American society today.
Bibliography
Barnard, Eunice Fuller, The North American Review, “ Ladies of the Ticker,”April 1929, pg 405
E Green. "The Uncertainty of Everyday Life, 1915-1945." (HarperCollins 1992), 57-58
Ellen Welles Page, "A Flapper 's Appeal to Parents," Outlook 132 (Dec. 6, 1922): 607.
Eunice Fuller Barnard, “ Ladies of the Ticker,” The North American Review (April 1929): 405
“Flappers: Frivolous Time-Wasters, or America’s New Liberated Women?” Issues and controversies in American History http://www.ndhs.org/s/1012/images/editor_documents/library/issues_and_controversies_in_american_history_-_flappers.pdf (accessed April 8, 2013)
Mowry, George E. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963
“The Psychology of Knees.” The Flapper Magazine. (June 1922) http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/pdf/Flapper_Knees.pdf (accessed April 1, 2013)
West Diana. “The Death of The Grown- Up: How America’s Arrested Development id Bring Down Western Civilization.” New York: ST. MARTIN’S PRESS.
Woloch, Nancy. “Women and the American Experience.” New York: Knopf Print, 1984.
“Working Woman - Women 's Role in the War and the Workforce.” Red Apple Education Ltd. http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-43_t-50_c-149/women/nsw/women/australia-between-the-wars-1920s/australians- (accessed April 2, 2013)
Zeits, Joshua. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN. “New York: Crown Publishers, 2006.
Endnotes
1. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963), 184.
2.
Nancy Woloch. “Women and the American Experience.” (New York: Knopf Print, 1984.)
3. Nancy Woloch. “Women and the American Experience.” (New York: Knopf Print, 1984.)
4. “Working Woman - Women 's Role in the War and the Workforce.” Red Apple Education Ltd. http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-43_t-50_c-149/women/nsw/women/australia-between-the-wars-1920s/australians- (accessed April 2, 2013)
5. The Flapper Magazine. “The Psychology of Knees.” (June 1922) http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/pdf/Flapper_Knees.pdf (accessed April 1, 2013)
6. Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), 265
7. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963), 173
8. Diana West. “The Death of The Grown- Up: How America’s Arrested Development id Bring Down Western Civilization.” (New York: ST. MARTIN’S PRESS), 22
9. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963), 173
10. Eunice Fuller Barnard, “ Ladies of the Ticker,” The North American Review, (April 1929), 405
11. E Green. "The Uncertainty of Everyday Life, 1915-1945." (HarperCollins 1992), …show more content…
57-58
12.
Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), 29
13. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963), 173
14. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963),
173
15. Eunice Fuller Barnard, “ Ladies of the Ticker,” The North American Review (April 1929): 405
16. Ellen Welles Page, "A Flapper 's Appeal to Parents," Outlook 132 (Dec. 6, 1922): 607.
18. Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), 23
19. Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), 23
20. “Working Woman - Women 's Role in the War and the Workforce.” Red Apple Education Ltd. http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-43_t-50_c-149/women/nsw/women/australia-between-the-wars-1920s/australians- (accessed April 2, 2013)
21. Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), Synopsis
22. “Flappers: Frivolous Time-Wasters, or America’s New Liberated Women?” Issues and controversies in American History http://www.ndhs.org/s/1012/images/editor_documents/library/issues_and_controversies_in_american_history_-_flappers.pdf (accessed April 8, 2013)
these women ventured past societal boundaries and stereotypes, words like demoralizing, loose, and scandalous were used to slander their reputation. Flappers stood out because of their rebellious nature; they showed the world that women were bold. They were a short-term movement that had a long-term effect. Even though “by the end of the decade, the flapper’s rebellion was already over, this did not mean that American women were ready to give up the rights and privileges they had won.”1 Flappers only lasted until the Great depression in 1929; however, they had revolutionized the woman’s role in society and set the foundation for modern women today. After being plunged into one of the ugliest wars in history, America faced a restless peace. There was conflict between those who could accept change and those who refused to. The high death rate during the war added a greater sense of value to life. This, as well as the declaration of suffrage for females in 1920, was enough to give birth to a nation of modern women, the flappers. White upper and middle-class females began to take control of their lives. This resulted in one of the most dramatic cultural changes ever to occur in such a short period of time. Generally, the flapper’s demand for freedom showed in the way she acted and dressed. Her dual quality meant that, “on the one hand, she was a temptress, an aspect emphasized in movie stars who exuded sexual power and appeal, and on the other hand the 1920s flapper was a challenger and competitor.”2 Flappers wore skirts that stopped at their knees, replaced corsets and padded undergarments with loose clothing and exchanged hourglass curves for boyish figures. Moreover, these women began to engage in activities previously limited to men, such as drinking alcohol. They went out to jazz clubs and speakeasies and seemed to promote promiscuity. According to many young women, “the flapper’s clothes advertised both equality and sexuality,”3 because they were no longer restrained by tight corsets. Their loose garments allowed them to dance the Charleston, the shimmy, and black bottom, all of which conservatives considered wild and obscene. Flappers also smoked with just as much confidence as men, and this reflected the movement’s aim to redefine the women’s role and establish equality among men and women.
Flappers had a significant amount of social influence in America. By breaking social codes, they had the upper hand in pop culture and dictated the ins and outs of female fashion. Lipsticks, as well as rouge, found its way onto women’s faces, while “ a generation earlier, make-up was [mainly] associated with prostitutes.”4 Women turned to fashion to express themselves; dresses were lighter and brighter, and backless dresses received special attention.4 An old magazine article expressed a comical response to the growing epidemic of short skirts when it claimed, “for the first time since civilization began, the world is learning that girls, women, females, maidens and damsels have KNEES.”5 Young females started to bob their hair, and uniform adjustments were made that revealed more leg than usual. What struck really struck a cord among Americans was that, a generation earlier, females smoking in public were arrested, yet during the 1920’s even convent- bred girls had no qualms about taking a puff in public. Although the flappers were initially white middle and upper class women, they managed to spread a message that transcended other populations. The rise of mass consumerism allowed for trending flapper-influenced fashion items to make it into the hands of the minorities. African American entertainer, Josephine Baker symbolized the flapper style; she broke barriers and lived by her own rules. Young Mexican and Asians also began to embrace flapperdom with an ethnic twist. “For these young immigrant women, becoming a flapper was a way of accommodating the old world to the new.”6 The societal influence of the modern woman was also heightened when Hollywood began to glamorize the image of the flapper. Joan Crawford is a perfect example of a Hollywood produced flapper; women ‘like her were the subjects ‘of much discussion in the press, the pulpit, and periodicals.’7
In 1920, The New York Times ran a head line that read: "the American Woman ... has lifted her skirts far beyond any modest limitation"8. This headline applied to more than just fashion; women were now rolling up their skirts and making their way into the business world. The flappers’ demand for the same social freedoms that men enjoyed went hand in hand with their demand for economic independence. This consequently led to their departure from homes and their assertion in the business world.9 For the first time in America, women became “a recognized factor in the vast new trading capital class.”10 Before WW1 females commonly took jobs as teachers and domestic servants, “but during the war they were able to move on to jobs such as: salespeople in department stores as well as clerical, secretarial and other "lace-collar" jobs.”11 Some women joined the assembly lines in factories and “by 1929, more than a quarter of all women --- and more than half of all single women---were gainfully employed. In Chicago, Philadelphia and other large cities, up to 1/3 of female workers lived alone in private apartments, free from the close surveillance of their parents.”12 As flappers and their followers became the major purchaser of consumer goods, whole new industries, such as the cosmetic and beauty industry, appeared.13 Other industrialists would design products that specifically appealed to feminine tastes, and soon flappers became “a major prop for a new mass consumerism society.”14 In April of 1929, The North American Review reported that women were earning up to “$15,000 a year, living on half, and investing the rest.”15 For the first time in America, women impacted the economy on a large scale. Flappers successfully introduced a sense of economic independence among women; they initiated what seems to be the norm for many females today.
Apart from the flappers themselves, other women were indirectly influenced by the rise of the modern woman. A less extreme version of the flapper became respectable among the old and new generation. Some women cut their hair and disposed of their corsets, but didn 't go to the extreme of flapper-hood. In a popular article appealing to parents in 1922, a young female explained that she liked to “attend hops, and proms, ball-games, and crew races, and other affairs at men 's colleges,” [but admitted], “ I don’t use rouge, or lipstick, or pluck my eyebrows. I don 't smoke (I 've tried it, and don 't like it), or drink, or tell "peppy stories."16. This confirms that even women who were not flappers were still influenced by them. These females were also fueled by rebellion, but expressed it in a less ostentatious manner. They liked to publicly express intuitive opinions on all topics of the day among men and assume more control over their lives. They shared the same desire as flappers to level the playing field between themselves and men.
Just as the adoration towards the flappers was evident, the fight against them remained clear. American conservatives still held on to traditional values, and immediately voiced their aversion to modern women. Questions like, ‘Where is your daughter this afternoon?’ and headlines like “From the Ballroom to Hell,”18 flooded the media. Mrs. E. Whittemore, [a fervent critic of the flappers], estimated that 70% of all prostitutes had been spoiled by jazz music.19 Additionally, flappers were not just in America, they also reeked havoc and broke moral codes in other countries as well. Similar to America, women in these places were expected to live by higher moral standards. Taken from the Freeman 's Journal published in Ireland in March 1925, disgust towards the new lack of morals was clear when it stated, “Modern ideas, modern dress, modern plays, motion pictures, modern conversation and many other modern dangers seems to be sapping the purity of mind of our girlhood.”20 Sticking with the movement was therefore not easy, these girls were criticized by family and strangers alike and therefore, had to remain iron-willed throughout the era. This resounding courage has made its way from the flappers of the 1920s to independent females of the 21st century.
The Flappers were gender benders; they sparked a rebellion against strict Victorian morality and introduced a new way of life to women of different races, social classes and ages. Despite the criticism the flapper received from many conservatives, her impact was widespread. She might have “hiked her hemlines, puffed cigarettes, danced the Charleston and snuck gin”, [but she] “earned her own keep, controlled her own destiny and secured her own liberties.”21 Flappers attempted to change the social status of women by embracing modernity and transforming the concept of the ideal woman. They are recorded in history as an impactful yet fleeting movement that ended abruptly in 1929; however, by being the first to introduce the world to the concept of the ‘modern woman,’ they set the foundation for the liberal daughters of today. Women after the movement refused to return to the traditional Victorian etiquette. Nearly a hundred years later, the flapper has become outdated, but flapper-related issues have not. “As long as controversies over youth culture, sex, and gender roles persist, the debate over everything flappers represented will continue in one form or another.”22 After the flappers revolutionized the female role in the twenties, national culture was never again the same. In essence, the modern women of the flapper’s era paved the way for women 's economic and social liberties in American society today.
Bibliography
Barnard, Eunice Fuller, The North American Review, “ Ladies of the Ticker,”April 1929, pg 405
E Green. "The Uncertainty of Everyday Life, 1915-1945." (HarperCollins 1992), 57-58
Ellen Welles Page, "A Flapper 's Appeal to Parents," Outlook 132 (Dec. 6, 1922): 607.
Eunice Fuller Barnard, “ Ladies of the Ticker,” The North American Review (April 1929): 405
“Flappers: Frivolous Time-Wasters, or America’s New Liberated Women?” Issues and controversies in American History http://www.ndhs.org/s/1012/images/editor_documents/library/issues_and_controversies_in_american_history_-_flappers.pdf (accessed April 8, 2013)
Mowry, George E. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963
“The Psychology of Knees.” The Flapper Magazine. (June 1922) http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/pdf/Flapper_Knees.pdf (accessed April 1, 2013)
West Diana. “The Death of The Grown- Up: How America’s Arrested Development id Bring Down Western Civilization.” New York: ST. MARTIN’S PRESS.
Woloch, Nancy. “Women and the American Experience.” New York: Knopf Print, 1984.
“Working Woman - Women 's Role in the War and the Workforce.” Red Apple Education Ltd. http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-43_t-50_c-149/women/nsw/women/australia-between-the-wars-1920s/australians- (accessed April 2, 2013)
Zeits, Joshua. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN. “New York: Crown Publishers, 2006.
Endnotes
1. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963), 184.
2.
Nancy Woloch. “Women and the American Experience.” (New York: Knopf Print, 1984.)
3. Nancy Woloch. “Women and the American Experience.” (New York: Knopf Print, 1984.)
4. “Working Woman - Women 's Role in the War and the Workforce.” Red Apple Education Ltd. http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-43_t-50_c-149/women/nsw/women/australia-between-the-wars-1920s/australians- (accessed April 2, 2013)
5. The Flapper Magazine. “The Psychology of Knees.” (June 1922) http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/pdf/Flapper_Knees.pdf (accessed April 1, 2013)
6. Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), 265
7. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963), 173
8. Diana West. “The Death of The Grown- Up: How America’s Arrested Development id Bring Down Western Civilization.” (New York: ST. MARTIN’S PRESS), 22
9. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963), 173
10. Eunice Fuller Barnard, “ Ladies of the Ticker,” The North American Review, (April 1929), 405
11. E Green. "The Uncertainty of Everyday Life, 1915-1945." (HarperCollins 1992), …show more content…
57-58
12.
Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), 29
13. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963), 173
14. George E. Mowry. “The Twenties: Fords, Flappers & Fanatics.” (NEW JERSEY: PRENTICE HALL INC., 1963),
173
15. Eunice Fuller Barnard, “ Ladies of the Ticker,” The North American Review (April 1929): 405
16. Ellen Welles Page, "A Flapper 's Appeal to Parents," Outlook 132 (Dec. 6, 1922): 607.
18. Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), 23
19. Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), 23
20. “Working Woman - Women 's Role in the War and the Workforce.” Red Apple Education Ltd. http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-43_t-50_c-149/women/nsw/women/australia-between-the-wars-1920s/australians- (accessed April 2, 2013)
21. Joshua Zeits. “FLAPPER: A MADCAP STORY PF SE, STYLE, CELEBRITY, AND THE WOMEN WHO MADE AMERICA MODERN.” (New York: Crown Publishers, 2006), Synopsis
22. “Flappers: Frivolous Time-Wasters, or America’s New Liberated Women?” Issues and controversies in American History http://www.ndhs.org/s/1012/images/editor_documents/library/issues_and_controversies_in_american_history_-_flappers.pdf (accessed April 8, 2013)