The General Argument made by Robert E. Shalhope in The Constitution and the Competing Political Cultures of Late-Eighteenth-Century America is that leading up to the 1787 Constitutional Convention there was political tension between the Federalist and Antifederalist about how the country would be governed. More Specifically, Shalhope argues that the Federalist thought that educated people should run the government and that the central government should have more power. While the Anti Federalists argued that the common people should be elected into the government, wealth should be widespread amongst the population, and that the state government should have more powers. The Federalists were mainly wealthy merchants and upper class men who have…
Argument, according to most authorities, gives primary importance to logical appeals; however, a writer or speaker must take into account the audience’s emotional response to the subject and the way it is presented. Success in convincing the audience depends on the writer’s trustworthiness.…
I find the Toulmin method helpful in explaining and breaking down what a good argument looks like. It’s a purely logical method of making a claim based upon opinion but using facts warrants and backing to support the initial claim. I’ve noticed this argument model being used in news channels, economic debates, and some medical fields. When I applied this to my chosen major of biomedical engineering, I noticed that the Toulmin method is used quite often in lower scale research projects. Regarding small projects like minor adjustments for a new model of a stethoscope, this model can be used to defend the engineer that believes that the chosen stethoscope can be upscaled. When it comes to medical supplies and gadgets every project or researched…
In conclusion, Deborah Tannen balanced all three rhetorical appeals effectively to convince her audience. The author mostly used logos in her essay to back up her points. It was effective because she showed information and facts and demonstrated the audience could trust her. Tannen establishes credibility of her sources in her article by referencing facts, quotes, and people.…
In the philosopher’s view: The Toulmin Model has four parts to an argument: the first is “the claim”, which is your thesis or the purpose of what you are disputing. The second is “the grounds”; which is leaving no uncertainty to the meaning and reasoning of your claim. The third is “the warrant”, which ties the purpose of the claim and the grounds together. Finally “the backing” which is theory of reasoning that may be needed to influence the audience if the warrant is not accepted. The Toulmin method is an outline of how to state your arguments in more of an analytical way. It allows you to break down the argument in different part so we can make a conclusion on how well the different part work together, as well as an effective way to get to the how and the why.…
The case for reparation Introduction Stephen Toulmin was a British philosopher who had devoted himself in the work of moral reasoning. Throughout his writing, he had sought to develop practical arguments that can be used in evaluating the ethics behind the moral issues. Toulmin model of argumentation has a diagram that contains six interrelated components that are considered when analyzing arguments. On the other hand, The Case for Reparation that has two hundred and fifty years of slavery, Jim Crow of 90 years and the 35 years of racist housing policy.…
Adele Douglas and J. Kenji Lopez-Alt both start their argumentative piece by defining who their argument is targeted to as well as what they will be arguing. Over the course of the two contrasting papers, they both use similar and contrasting methods to try and convince the reader of their opinion. By doing this, a number of flaws as well as good techniques can be seen in both writings.…
I completely agree with you when you mentioned how people do not utilize a Toulmin argument as much because a lot of people do not have strong opinions on topics anymore or at least they do not express it. When I was making my response to this prompt and had to find an example of where people use the Toulmin argument format I had some trouble. Your explanation helped to answer my problem.…
Aristotle, although having lived thousands of years ago, continues to make an impact in our society with his contribution to Western thinking and his famous "art" of rhetoric. He remains to this day, one of the most influential philosophers in the history of rhetorical study. One of his most prominent works is his "Rhetoric", a book that "confronts scholars with several perplexing questions" (Herrick 74). "Rhetoric" is divided into three books that discuss the "domains of rhetoric, the rhetorical proofs that Aristotle is so famous for and matters of style and arrangement" (Herrick 74). One of the most important contributions of Aristotle 's "Rhetoric" is his idea of artistic proofs, which are used to persuade an audience. Since developed in the fourth century BC, these proofs still continue to be utilized by rhetoricians to this day through the Aristotelian method. There are three components that comprise the artistic proofs. These are "(1) logical reasoning (logos), (2) the names and causes of various human emotions (pathos), and (3) human character and goodness (ethos)" (Herrick 82). Although all parts of his work are instrumental to rhetoricians and scholars everywhere, I will focus on the profound impact of Aristotle 's "artistic proofs" to the art of rhetoric and use Franklin D. Roosevelt 's December 8, 1941 "Declaration of War" speech as an example of how they 're put into practice as a persuasive mechanism in today 's postmodern society.…
Rhetoric is the study and practice of how we shape knowledge, which is complicated by the multiple ways we can interpret a text. Is used to study the purpose of a text and can be viewed as performance art where writers persuade readers to take action. Rhetoric is viewed as a form of communication that is situated, motivated, interactional and epistemic. This form of discourse known as rhetoric is both the art of human interaction (including persuasion) through language and other symbols, as well as the study of that interaction. “The major elements of rhetorical theory are the rhetorical situation, the audience, the pisteis or “proofs” (and their subdivisions), and the five canons of rhetoric: invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery”. (Covino and Joliffe, p.332). Moreover, according to Bitzer, a situation is rhetorical when three elements are present: an exigence, an audience, and rhetorical constraints. An exigence is a need, a gap, something wanting, that can be met, filled in, or supplied only by a spoken or written text (Covino and Jolliffe, p.332), it is considered as the heart of the rhetorical situation. The purpose of this essay is to analyze two rhetorical situations to determine if they are effective or not according to the criteria of rhetoric. The rhetorical situations are President Franklin D. Roosevelt's speech "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation" and Coca-Cola’s famous polar bear commercial: “Say Thank you with a Coke”.…
This article is about the kids video Baby Einstein. Disney came out with this video claiming if you had your child watch this video; your child will become smarter on their own. While it all sounded amazing to any parent, it just simply was not true. It was actually proven that early television exposure ended up causing later problems with a child's attention span.…
This argument knows its audience well and succeeds in reaching it. It keeps its points brief and informally worded; it explains to the presumably uninformed; and it utilizes ethos and logos to educate an audience that wants to be educated, then leaves them with a piece of new information to ponder and carry with…
Reflective Statement Goal I: In my essay 1: Toulmin argument, my goal was to persuade my audience that my perspective in response to my topic is logical, accurate, truthful esc. The purpose of my essay was to reveal to students in my academic major what it takes to graduate from Rowan University with a degree in physical therapy which is my major. But it was not only that also I need to make sure that my essay was in MLA formatted and used many different sources to support my views. In my paper I had to revise many time because I had problem with getting my source and also in my conclusion I had trouble.…
The rhetorical appeal that was mainly used in this article is logos, which convinces the…
Different styles of arguments can shape our past, present, and future. They represent our life styles and major influences that are in gained from being and ending of our lives. They are only a small part, but show a huge part of our charters.…