The Truth About Nuclear Power

UNVEILING OF THE CURTAINS: THE TRUTH ABOUT THE NUCLEAR POWER
A Term Paper Presented to Prof. Robert Rodriguez
Division of Humanities, College of Arts and Sciences
University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miagao; Iloilo

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
For the Course in Communication 2

By
Hyacinth J. Menicable
March 17, 2011

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

Very special gracias to the persons who made all this possible.
Mr. Robert Rodriguez, our course professor who inspired me and who patiently and willingly guided me throughout the preparation of the paper.
Anjelica Marie Mavinta, Dee Marie Magan and Marianne Serrano who unconditionally supported me in the entire process of researching and editing of my paper.
Niliza Villodres who lend me a book, that was really a great help.
This project could not be successful without the love and support of the following:
To my family, friends, professors, classmates, fellow students and other concerned citizens who are the reason why I made this project.
To my mom who gave me the unconditional and everlasting love.
And most especially, to the Almighty God, the source of wisdom who showers greatness upon us.
I gave you my deepest gratitude.
With you I share the success of my project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I …………………………………………………………………………...1
Introduction
Chapter II …………………………………………………………………………..2
Nuclear Power: a friend or a foe Chapter III ………………………………………………………………………....6
Nuclear Power and the verity of its effects
Chapter IV ………………………………………………………………………….10
Truth about its existence
Chapter V …………………………………………………………………………..13
Nuclear Power: The Unseen Reality Chapter VI …………………………………………………………………………15 Conclusion
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER I
Introduction

What is a nuclear power? Is there someone who had asked you that? Your answer would probably be none. It is rare to see a person interested on things like this. Sometimes things that we thought are unimportant are the one who can really change world. Nuclear power is one of the sources of energy. Very rare countries tend to use this for they believe that this type of energy is dangerous. Nuclear power was unknown to many; people don’t mind what it was unless it was headlined on the news for causing damages. Only few are aware of its effects and the benefits it gives. Most of us believe that this energy is dangerous. And most of the time people view only from one perspective without recognizing the other side. This paper talks about nuclear power and its effects. The benefits it gives and the consequences we may face. It contains facts and evidence that would clarify the question that what nuclear power really is.
The main objectives of this paper was first to widen the knowledge of my reader and as well as the public of what is nuclear power, the benefits it offers and its effects. Second is that after reading my paper I would be able to change the views of my reader and prove that nuclear power is not as bad as they think. And lastly, to encourage the public to have a critical mind that would not easily believe on what other people would say.
In this way I would be able to inform my reader and the public about the existence of nuclear power and its effects. And in this way as well I could also share my knowledge and my opinions about this issue. As we can see today people are very busy making their selves rich and are not anymore aware of other things that seem to be no good for them but are really playing a big role to our existence here on earth. We never learn it until it’s too late. With this people will be more aware about the happenings and the arising of the new discoveries and inventions brought to us by technology.

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CHAPTER II
Nuclear Power: a friend or a foe
Albert Einstein, as one of the most famous scientists, has many contributions in our science and as part of his Theory of Relativity; he made the intriguing point that a large amount of energy can be released from a small amount of matter (doug-long.com). This energy could be released when an atom's nucleus is split into smaller nuclei by the process called fission. The fission of large atoms, such as Uranium 235 and Plutonium 239 produces a great deal of energy known as the Nuclear Energy. Nuclear power is a type of nuclear technology involving the controlled use of nuclear reactions to release energy for work, including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity. It is produced when the nuclei of atoms are either split (fission) or united (fusion).According to Harry J. Emelius of Cambridge University, fission occurs when a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter segments. In reactors the energy released by nuclear fission appears chiefly as the kinetic energy of the fission product, partly as the radioactive energy of the fission products and partly as the gamma radiation that accompanies fission. There is another process that releases nuclear energy: the nuclear fusion, wherein this is process that releases the energy given off by sun and other stars. It occurs when two nuclei of a very light element fuse (Compton's by Britannica,2008).

Most people are not familiar with the existence of nuclear power plants for civil utilities and aboard naval vessels, but perhaps not so familiar with the details. Beyond that is a whole class of nuclear-based, electricity-producing devices that are sometimes called atomic batteries, which are used on spacecraft and are relatively unknown to the public at large.

Nuclear power has been used in a wide variety of applications for decades. Nuclear power plants have advantages compare to other power plant. According to Rich Thomas an eHow Contributor, nuclear power is used as a Utility reactor and satellites. It is also used in Naval Propulsion and Byproducts. 2 From the New World Encyclopedia as of 2004, nuclear power provided 6.5 percent of the world's energy and 15.7 percent of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for 57 percent of all nuclear generated electricity. As of 2007, the IAEA reported there are 435 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world operating in 31 different countries. These provide about 17 percent of the world's electricity.

Nuclear medicine is also a good product of nuclear energy. It is a medical specialty that involves the use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnose or treatment of the disease. It only begun after the discovery of Enrico Fermi in 1935. One product of nuclear medicine is the x-ray. In nuclear medicine imaging, radiopharmaceuticals are taken internally, for example intravenously or orally. Then, external detectors (gamma cameras) capture and form images from the radiation emitted by the radiopharmaceuticals. This process is unlike a diagnostic X-ray where external radiation is passed through the body to form an image (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1991).

Another advantage is that it contributes less to air pollution. Nuclear generation does not directly produce sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, or other pollutants associated with the combustion of fossil fuels. It also does not directly produce carbon dioxide, which has led some environmentalists to advocate increased reliance on nuclear energy as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to global warming and the operating costs of a nuclear reactor are relatively low. It decreases dependence on pollution-causing fossil fuels. It nation's results in a nation's reduced dependence on the costly foreign fuel (thefreedictionary.com).

Nuclear power can give us a lot of benefits; on the other hand it also brings harmful and destructive effects. The technology used for generating nuclear power can also be used for producing nuclear weapons. Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons and related technology to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Nuclear 3 Nonproliferation Treaty. Opponents of civilian nuclear power point out that nuclear technology may be a dual-use technology, and some of the materials and knowledge used in a civilian nuclear program may be used to develop nuclear weapons (newworldencyclopedia.org). The country of North Korea is a classic example of this it holds many nuclear weapons and conducted series of tests that threaten not only its neighboring countries but also the rest of the countries in the world. Nuclear weapons are very harmful like in the case of Japan during the World War II. We are all familiar with Hiroshima and Nagasaki. America dropped atomic bombs on these Japanese cities. In that situation they demonstrated the power and destructive capability of the atom. Another harmful effects of nuclear power plant according to Prabhakar Pillai is that its waste products which are produced after generation of nuclear power and last for thousands of years. This is a significant polluting factor and there is the problem of safely disposing it. Despite the generally excellent safety of nuclear power plants, serious accidents have occurred since the first plants went into operation in the 1950's. Accidents in nuclear reactors are much more devastating than the conventional energy plants. An instance of this is the 1986 Chernobyl incident. The water in the nuclear plant overheated and subsequently pressure built in one of the pipes, out of which one exploded. The accident was caused by low quality safety infrastructure. These incidents jolted public consciousness and heightened anxiety about the potential hazards of nuclear power plants. According to Bernard L. Cohen a professor at the University of Pittsburgh the principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects is radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light---186,000 miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.

The use of nuclear power has also engendered much debate. Critics claim that nuclear power is a potentially dangerous energy source with a limited fuel supply compared to renewable 4 energy, and they note the problems of storing radioactive waste, the potential for radioactive contamination by accident or sabotage, and the possibility of nuclear proliferation. Advocates claim that these risks are small and can be further reduced by the technology in new reactors, and the safety record is good when compared to other major types of power plants. In addition, they note that many renewable energy technologies have not solved the problem of their intermittent power production. Critics, including most major environmental groups, claim that nuclear power is an uneconomic and potentially dangerous energy source with a limited fuel supply, especially compared to renewable energy, and dispute whether the costs and risks can be reduced through new technology. They also point to the problem of storing radioactive waste, the potential for possibly severe radioactive contamination by accident or sabotage, and the possibility of nuclear proliferation. Proponents claim that these risks are small and can be further reduced by the technology in the new reactors. They further claim that the safety record is already good when compared to the other major kinds of power plants, that many renewable have not solved the problem with their intermittent power production, in effect limiting them to a minority share of power production, and that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source.

Nuclear power offers favourable and unlimited benefits as science continues to evolve and challenge its capacity that one will likely to indulge itself to it without having a second thought but why is it still included in a long run of discussion whether to make use of it or not? Is it simply because, it doesn't only provides a promising benefits but a greater risk was also tagging along? That it is a big gamble to take.

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CHAPTER III
Nuclear Power and the verity of its effects

Nuclear power is a type of nuclear technology involving the controlled use of nuclear reactions to release energy for work, including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity. It is produced when the nuclei of atoms are either split (fission) or united (fusion).According to Harry J. Emelius of Cambridge University, fission occurs when a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter segments. Fusion is a process that releases the energy given off by sun and other stars. It occurs when two nuclei of a very light element fuse. From the World Nuclear Association, the discovery of nuclear power started in 1895 when Wilhelm Rontgen discovered the ionizing radiation by passing an electric current through an evacuated glass tube and producing continuous X-rays. In 1902 Ernest Rutherford showed that radioactivity as a spontaneous event emitting an alpha or beta particle from the nucleus created a different element. He went on to develop a fuller understanding of atoms and in 1919 he fired alpha particles from a radium source into nitrogen and found that nuclear rearrangement was occurring, with formation of oxygen. This serves as the basis of Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity.

According to Doug-Long, a researcher, the physicist Albert Einstein did not directly participate in the invention of the atomic bomb. But he was instrumental in facilitating its development. In 1905, as part of his Special Theory of Relativity, he made the intriguing point that a large amount of energy could be released from a small amount of matter. This was expressed by the equation E=mc2 (energy = mass times the speed of light squared). The atomic bomb would clearly illustrate this principle. Bombs were not what Einstein had in mind when he published this equation but as we can see right now, it became as the most destructive thing human created.

6 Nuclear power is not only about what benefit it can bring to us. Like other inventions and discoveries this powerful energy has many effects, effects in our health, environment and our way of life. Most of human exposure to radiation comes from natural background radiation. Most of the remaining exposure comes from medical procedures. Several large studies in the U.S., Canada, and Europe have found no evidence of any increase in cancer mortality among people living near nuclear facilities. For example, in 1990, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health announced that a large-scale study, which evaluated mortality from 16 types of cancer, found no increased incidence of cancer mortality for people living near 62 nuclear installations in the United States. The study showed no increase in the incidence of childhood leukemia mortality in the study of surrounding counties after start-up of the nuclear facilities. The NCI study, the broadest of its kind ever conducted surveyed 900,000 cancer deaths in countries near nuclear facilities. A study conducted by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) in 1995 found no increase in numbers of cases of leukemia in Germany. Also the number of cases of child leukemia has been more or less constant at around 60 cases per year over the past 30 years, a period of time which includes the gradual phase-in of nuclear power in Sweden. SSM states that further epidemiological studies trying to blame cancer on nuclear power are not needed. Instead, there is a need of a larger knowledge base and more studies that tries to find the underlying reason for child leukemia in general. Looking at French studies, similar to the German one, they indeed could not find any significant relation between cancer incidence and absorbed dose or closeness to a nuclear power plant. Nuclear generation does not directly produce sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, or other pollutants associated with the combustion of fossil fuels (pollution from fossil fuels is blamed for many deaths each year in the U.S. alone). It also does not directly produce carbon dioxide, which has led some environmentalists to advocate increased reliance on nuclear energy 7 as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (which contribute to global warming). Non-radioactive water vapor is the significant operating emission from nuclear power plants. According to a 2007 story broadcast on 60 Minutes, nuclear power gives France the cleanest air of any industrialized country, and the cheapest electricity in all of Europe. This fact was supported by the study of Jay Lehr and by the study of UK's Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) Jay Lehr, a science director of The Heartland Institute conducted a study about the environmental effects of nuclear power. In his studies he says that nuclear power is the safest energy source. He added that Today's nuclear power technology, by any and every measure provides the best safety performance and lowest risk of workplace accidents among all commonly utilized power sources. Nuclear power plants are not at risk from terrorist attacks. They do not offer exponential damage opportunities and they are the most fortified installations in the nation. In a study conducted in 2006 by the UK's Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST), nuclear power's lifecycle was evaluated to emit the least amount of carbon dioxide (very close to wind power's lifecycle emissions) when compared to the other alternatives (fossil oil, coal, and some renewable energy including biomass and PV solar panels). In 2006, a UK government advisory panel, The Sustainable Development Commission, concluded that if the UK's existing nuclear capacity were doubled, it would provide an 8 percent decrease in total UK CO2 emissions by 2035. This can be compared to the country's goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60 percent by 2050. On September 21, 2005, the Oxford Research Group published a report, in the form of a memorandum to a committee of the British House of Commons, which argued that, while nuclear plants do not generate carbon dioxide while they operate, the other steps necessary to produce nuclear power, including the mining of uranium and the storing of waste, result in substantial amounts of carbon dioxide pollution. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, regulated safety procedures are not being followed to ensure that nuclear power plants are safe. Even if all safety precautions are followed, it is no guarantee that a 8 nuclear power plant accident will not occur. If a nuclear power plant accident occurs, the environment and surrounding people could be exposed to high levels of radiation. Terrorism threats are another concern that needs to be addressed. How do we protect our nuclear power plants from terrorist threats? A satisfactory plan to protect nuclear power plants from terrorism is not in place. There is no disagreement that clean sources of energy are vital to our environment. The disagreement lies in what form that clean energy should be in. Supporters of nuclear energy argue that nuclear energy is an efficient source of energy that is easy to implement. People against nuclear energy propose using combined methods of solar, wind and geothermal energy. Solar, wind and geothermal energy do not cause any negative affects to the environment, nor they pose any safety issues. Nuclear power had brought many changes in our life and even in our world. It brought advantages that improve our way of life and as well as disadvantages that destroy our world. For the past decades, nuclear weapon has been a big threat to everyone. Powerful countries produce and store many of these weapons of different kind. These weapons were used in wars to destroy places and kill innocents for the reason that there are people who only think their self and wanted to be powerful without thinking of others. By using this energy properly and with proper care, nuclear power can give us a lot of benefit. Base on the studies stated above this kind of energy is safer to use compare to other energy sources, but there are also studies which show that nuclear power is dangerous and can cause diseases and pollution.

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CHAPTER IV Truth about its existence Nuclear power as one of the main source of energy today, we should not only limit our self on knowing what advantage it can give but we should also be aware with its effects. Many experts have conducted studies and researches about this topic and most of them have contradicting ideas. I can't really tell which one is true and which one is not but from these contradicting studies I can cite some reasons why the results of those studies disagree with one another. Possible reasons why they have different results is that they may have studied different places or it is just because these experts were from different sides and each one was trying to prove that they are right. It is important that we have to do further studies to assure everyone's safety. Studies in the U.S., Canada, and Europe have found no evidence of any increase in cancer mortality among people living near nuclear facilities. In 1990, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health announced that a large-scale study, which evaluated mortality from 16 types of cancer. The study showed no increase in the incidence of childhood leukemia mortality in the study of surrounding counties after start-up of the nuclear facilities. But there are also studies which disagree. NCI study, the broadest of its kind ever conducted surveyed 900,000 cancer deaths in counties near nuclear facilities. In Britain there are elevated childhood leukemia levels near some industrial facilities, particularly near Sellafield.

The studies stated above shows both sides. We are all familiar with the disease called cancer and we all know that this is very dangerous and there is a limited treatment for this. There are studies that shows nuclear power is not harmful to our health, and there are also studies which show that this energy is the cause of many cases of cancer and leukemia. We must not be blind by these technology, we should always open our mind for the possibilities that it may harm

10 us. Nowadays, cancer is considered as one of the main cause of the increase in mortality rate. I cannot directly say that nuclear power was the cause of this but somehow I can relate the existence of the two. In the past, when there are no advances in science like we have now, cancer doesn't exist. Maybe not all cancer cases can be blamed to nuclear power but in a very least possibility it can also contribute to this. Jay Lehr, a science director of The Heartland Institute conducted a study about the environmental effects of nuclear power. His study shows that nuclear power is the safest energy source and is not at risk from terrorist attacks. They do not offer exponential damage opportunities and they are the most fortified installations in the nation. However, the study conducted the UK's Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) last 2006 show that nuclear power's lifecycle was evaluated to emit the least amount of carbon dioxide when compared to other alternatives. Jay Lehr states that nuclear power plants are not at risk from terrorist attacks, I certainly disagree with that. For many instances, nuclear power has been a threat to everyone. Terrorism became more threatening because of the existence of nuclear weapons. How could he ever say that this energy cannot cause damages when we have experienced the devilish effect of this very dangerous energy and was even written in our history? We are very familiar about the World Wars, the September 11 attack and recently the nuclear tests of North Korea. The Three Mile Island accident and the Chernobyl disaster was the two most well known accident of a nuclear power plant, these accidents killed thousands of people. These are only few of many destructive events brought by nuclear power. All these have caused destructions and killed millions of people. The Oxford Research Group published a report last September 21, 2005, which argued that, nuclear plants do not generate carbon dioxide while they operate. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, There is no guarantee that accident will occur even if all safety precautions are followed. If accident will occur, the environment and surrounding people could be exposed to high levels of radiation. Terrorism threats are another concern that needs to be addressed.

11 I agree with their study because in reality accidents really happen. We can't deny the fact that though we tried so hard to maintain its safety we are not still sure that accidents will occur. And if the safety is not secured there is a big possibility that harmful chemical emission will occur. Let's take the Chernobyl disaster as an example, this accident happen in Ukraine last 1986, operator error and plant design were cited as causes for the explosion. From this point I can say that nuclear power is not that safe like other energy source. With all these safety precautions and with all these machines that assure us the safety, it will turn out useless if the people itself intend to do the wrong thing. All we can do is to lessen the possibility that accidents will occur. I'm looking forward that before it is too late, we can generate or we can be able to control and assure its safety for the benefit of all mankind. I am also looking forward that history will not repeat itself; I was referring to the World War II, in which a massive use of explosives including nuclear power occur. Many experts claim that nuclear power assures us our safety that other energy can't offer. Many studies show that it is the safest energy source but as I have observed today, I can prove that all of them are wrong. If they are really sure that this energy is safe then why we are still scared with the nuclear test conducted by North Korea. The whole world now was threatened, it is believed that this particular country has many nuclear power and are about to use it against its enemy the South Korea. The misunderstanding between this two country remains for many years and now threatens the whole world. Life is a cycle it is a process of give and take. In every benefit we get there is always a coinciding consequence. It is not the inventions or discoveries that are bad; it's the one who used it.
“The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of solving an existing one.” Albert Einstein

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CHAPTER V
Nuclear Power: The Unseen Reality
The use of nuclear power has created much debate. Critics claim that nuclear power is a potentially dangerous energy source with a limited fuel supply as compared to renewable energy. But advocates claim that these risks are small and can be further reduced by the technology in new reactors, and the safety record is good when compared to other major types of power plants. Nuclear power has a bad image to public. Most people believe that this type of energy is bad, dangerous and unsafe to use. We have been blind by the past wherein nuclear energy had caused much destruction. We don't give ourselves a chance to know what nuclear power really is; instead we just limit ourselves to what other people say not realizing that they are not that credible enough. Let me put in the picture the advantages and how beneficial nuclear power is. This energy is not bad after all, in fact it does not directly produce sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, or other pollutants associated with the combustion of fossil fuels in which pollution from fossil fuels is blamed for many deaths each year in the U.S. alone. It does not directly produce carbon dioxide as well, which has led some environmentalists to promote increased reliance on nuclear energy as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to global warming. Non-radioactive water vapor is the significant operating emission from nuclear power plants. A study conducted by Jay Lehr, a science director of The Heartland Institute shows that nuclear power is the safest energy source. He also said that today's nuclear power technology provides the best safety performance and lowest risk of workplace accidents among all commonly utilized power sources. The study conducted by the UK's Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology last 2006, also established that nuclear power's lifecycle was evaluated to emit the least amount of carbon dioxide when compared to the other alternatives like fossil oil, coal, and some renewable energy including biomass and PV solar panels. Nuclear energy was indeed an environmental friendly energy. By using this kind of energy, we can reduce the risk of global warming unlike oil and biomass that when burned they releases greenhouse gasses that mainly contribute to global warming.
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Nuclear energy is health friendly as well. Irrelevant to what other say this energy do not cause any disease specifically cancer. With the todays advance nuclear technology we are assured with all the safety and a harmless nuclear energy. In fact, National Institutes of Health conducted a large-scale study in 62 nuclear installations in the United States which evaluated mortality from 16 types of cancer and found no increased incidence of cancer mortality for people living near it. And also a study conducted by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) in 1995 found no increase in numbers of cases of leukemia in Germany. This only proves that the increase in cancer cases should not be blamed in nuclear power alone. I do not know how and why the NCI study established 900,000 cancer deaths in counties near nuclear facilities. We all know that cancer can be caused by many factors, how they can be so sure that the nuclear power was the main cause of the cancer cases they are saying. If nuclear power was really the cause then, how can they explain the numerous cases of cancer in places that there is no nuclear power plant? Let's take Philippines as an example, our country does not have any nuclear power plant but we are having large cases of cancer. In making a study we should not only focus on one thing we should always be open to all the possibilities for that's what makes a study reliable enough. In general, what I'm trying to point out is that nuclear power is not bad as what people think it is. It was just that public was easily influenced by media. They easily believed on what others would say without even verifying whether it is true or not. Nuclear energy can provide everything we need, much more than what other energy source can give. Compare to other energy source nuclear power is environmental and health friendly and in only a small amount of nuclear fuel we can already produce a large amount of energy. Unlike with coal, oil, geothermal and biomass which produce harmful gasses that can harm both our health and the environment. Nuclear power is the only energy that can offer us with countless benefits and assures us with our safety and our environments safety as well.

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CHAPTER VI
Conclusion

After doing all these researches about nuclear I found out that nuclear power was good unlike what I have known before. I used to believe that this kind of power was bad but now I knew I was wrong before. In any ways nuclear power has a good side and bad side. On my paper I find it good rather than bad for it gives us benefits that other energy source can’t provide. And what’s good about it was that it can generate large amount or energy by just splitting of one atom. We just have to open our mind and be more realistic, this energy is what we really need. Though most of us are threatened by the effects of this energy but let’s look on the other side this is now the 21st century, there is a technological advancement and with these we are assured with all the safety we needed. Plus nuclear power is environmental and health friendly type of energy. Any problems or damages brought by this energy were just due to the carelessness and rudeness of people. With all this technologies and precautions there will be no accident or damages to occur.
We should always be critical of what others would say. We should think properly before judging. We always have to put in our minds that there is no such bad creation or invention. What makes it bad was the person who holds the power over it.

Albert Einstein once said that the world will likely to die with bad politics than with bad physics.

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