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Embryonic Cloning
Embryo cloning is an area of stem-cell research that focuses on embryos and is the process of harvesting human stem cells for scientific study. Embryonic stem-cell research is sometimes also referred to as research cloning and therapeutic cloning. Cloning is a general term that scientists use to describe various processes for duplicating biological organisms and is an ethically controversial area of biomedical research. The debate regarding cloning is centered mainly around the ethical implications of using embryos and stem cells in scientific study. Embryo cloning involves collecting eggs from ovaries and removing genetic material from the eggs. After genetic material is removed, a skin cell is inserted into the enucleated egg in order to serve as the egg's new nucleus. When the chemical ionomycin is applied, the egg begins to divide. Stem cells are extracted from the egg five days after division. During this stage of development, the egg is a blastocyst, and the extraction of stem cells destroys the embryo. The end goal of embryo cloning is not to clone a human being, but rather to harvest stem cells for medical research.
History
In 1964, researchers isolated a single type of cell from a teratocarcinoma, a tumor now known to be derived from a germ cell. These cells isolated from the teratocarcinomareplicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells. Although similarities in morphology and differentiating potential (pluripotency) led to the use of EC cells as the in vitro model for early mouse development, EC cells harbor genetic mutations and often abnormal karyotypes that accumulated during the development of the teratocarcinoma. These genetic aberrations further emphasized the need to be able to culture pluripotent cells directly from the inner cell mass.
In 1981, embryonic stem cells (ES cells) were independently first derived from mouse embryos by two groups. Martin Evans and
Embryo cloning is an area of stem-cell research that focuses on embryos and is the process of harvesting human stem cells for scientific study. Embryonic stem-cell research is sometimes also referred to as research cloning and therapeutic cloning. Cloning is a general term that scientists use to describe various processes for duplicating biological organisms and is an ethically controversial area of biomedical research. The debate regarding cloning is centered mainly around the ethical implications of using embryos and stem cells in scientific study. Embryo cloning involves collecting eggs from ovaries and removing genetic material from the eggs. After genetic material is removed, a skin cell is inserted into the enucleated egg in order to serve as the egg's new nucleus. When the chemical ionomycin is applied, the egg begins to divide. Stem cells are extracted from the egg five days after division. During this stage of development, the egg is a blastocyst, and the extraction of stem cells destroys the embryo. The end goal of embryo cloning is not to clone a human being, but rather to harvest stem cells for medical research.
History
In 1964, researchers isolated a single type of cell from a teratocarcinoma, a tumor now known to be derived from a germ cell. These cells isolated from the teratocarcinomareplicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells. Although similarities in morphology and differentiating potential (pluripotency) led to the use of EC cells as the in vitro model for early mouse development, EC cells harbor genetic mutations and often abnormal karyotypes that accumulated during the development of the teratocarcinoma. These genetic aberrations further emphasized the need to be able to culture pluripotent cells directly from the inner cell mass.
In 1981, embryonic stem cells (ES cells) were independently first derived from mouse embryos by two groups. Martin Evans and