1. Peninsulare: people who have been born in Spain and were at the top of Spanish-American society.
2. Creole: were below the peninsulares, Spaniards born in Latin America.
3. Mulattos: persons of mixed European and African ancestry, and enslaved Africans.
4. Simon Bolivar: a wealthy Venezuelan Creole.
5. Jose de san Martin: a Argentinian
6. Miguel Hidalgo: a priest in the small village of Dolores took the first step toward independence.
7. Jose Maria Morelos: revolutionary leader of his rebels
8. Conservative: usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
9. Liberal: mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote.
10. Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution- liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
11. Nationalism: Is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
12. Nation-state: when a nation had its own government
13. The Balkans: This region includes all or part of present-day, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia, controlled by Ottomans.
14. Louis-Napoleon: Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte won the presidential election.
15. Alexander II: Nicholas’s son, moved Russia towards modernization and social change.
16. Russification: Forcing Russian culture of all ethnic groups into the country.
17. Camillo de Cavour: Prime minister who united Italy.
18. Giuseppe Garibaldi: leader of the red shirts who captured Sicily.
19. Junkers: strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class
20. Otto Von Bismarck: Conservative Junker, prime minister.
21. Realpolitik: the term is used to describe tough power