Thermal Book - E Copy
F UNDAMENTALS OF T HERMODYNAMICS
SEVENTH EDITION
CLAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E. SONNTAG
University of Michigan
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PUBLISHER ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER ACQUISITIONS EDITOR SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR MARKETING MANAGER CREATIVE DIRECTOR DESIGNER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MEDIA EDITOR COVER PHOTO
Don Fowley Dan Sayre Michael McDonald Nicole Repasky Christopher Ruel Harry Nolan Hope Miller Aptara® Corporation Inc. Rachael Leblond Lauren Sapira c Corbis Digital Stock
This book was set in Times New Roman by Aptara Corporation and printed and bound by R.R. Donnelley/Willard. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color.
This book is printed on acid free paper. ∞ Copyright c 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). ISBN-13 978-0-470-04192-5
Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
In this seventh edition we have retained the basic objective of the earlier editions: • to present a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics while retaining an engineering perspective, and in doing so • to lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in such fields as
SEVENTH EDITION
CLAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E. SONNTAG
University of Michigan
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PUBLISHER ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER ACQUISITIONS EDITOR SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR MARKETING MANAGER CREATIVE DIRECTOR DESIGNER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MEDIA EDITOR COVER PHOTO
Don Fowley Dan Sayre Michael McDonald Nicole Repasky Christopher Ruel Harry Nolan Hope Miller Aptara® Corporation Inc. Rachael Leblond Lauren Sapira c Corbis Digital Stock
This book was set in Times New Roman by Aptara Corporation and printed and bound by R.R. Donnelley/Willard. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color.
This book is printed on acid free paper. ∞ Copyright c 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). ISBN-13 978-0-470-04192-5
Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
In this seventh edition we have retained the basic objective of the earlier editions: • to present a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics while retaining an engineering perspective, and in doing so • to lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in such fields as