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DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
THIRD EDITION

Raghu Ramakrishnan
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI, USA

Johannes Gehrke
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY, USA

Jeff Derstadt, Scott Selikoff, and Lin Zhu
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY, USA

CONTENTS

PREFACE

iii

1

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE SYSTEMS

1

2

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE DESIGN

6

3

THE RELATIONAL MODEL

16

4

RELATIONAL ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS

28

5

SQL: QUERIES, CONSTRAINTS, TRIGGERS

45

6

DATABASE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

63

7

INTERNET APPLICATIONS

66

8

OVERVIEW OF STORAGE AND INDEXING

73

9

STORING DATA: DISKS AND FILES

81

10 TREE-STRUCTURED INDEXING

88

11 HASH-BASED INDEXING

100

12 OVERVIEW OF QUERY EVALUATION

119

13 EXTERNAL SORTING

126

14 EVALUATION OF RELATIONAL OPERATORS

131

i

iiDatabase Management Systems Solutions Manual Third Edition
15 A TYPICAL QUERY OPTIMIZER

144

16 OVERVIEW OF TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT

159

17 CONCURRENCY CONTROL

167

18 CRASH RECOVERY

179

19 SCHEMA REFINEMENT AND NORMAL FORMS

189

20 PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN AND TUNING

204

21 SECURITY

215

PREFACE

It is not every question that deserves an answer.
Publius Syrus, 42 B.C.

I hope that most of the questions in this book deserve an answer. The set of questions is unusually extensive, and is designed to reinforce and deepen students’ understanding of the concepts covered in each chapter. There is a strong emphasis on quantitative and problem-solving type exercises.
While I wrote some of the solutions myself, most were written originally by students in the database classes at Wisconsin. I’d like to thank the many students who helped in developing and checking the solutions to the exercises; this manual would not be available without their contributions. In alphabetical order: X. Bao, S. Biao, M.
Chakrabarti, C. Chan, W. Chen, N. Cheung, D.



References: CHAR(10000), supervisor CHAR(20),

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