thomas hardy

Thomas Hardy, OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist, in the tradition of George Eliot, he was also influenced both in his novels and poetry by Romanticism, especially by William Wordsworth.[1] Charles Dickens is another important influence on Thomas Hardy.[2] Like Dickens, he was also highly critical of much in Victorian society, though Hardy focused more on a declining rural society.
While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life, and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898. Initially therefore he gained fame as the author of such novels as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d 'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). However, since the 1950s Hardy has been recognized as a major poet, and had a significant influence on The Movement poets of the 1950s and 1960s, including Phillip Larkin.[3]
The bulk of his fictional works, initially published as serials in magazines, were set in the semi-fictional region of Wessex and explored tragic characters struggling against their passions and social circumstances. Hardy 's Wessex is based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom and eventually came to include the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and much of Berkshire, in south west England.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life
2 Novels
3 Literary themes
4 Poetry
5 Religious beliefs
6 Locations in novels
7 Influence
8 Works
8.1 Prose
8.2 Poetry collections
8.3 Drama
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Life[edit]
Thomas Hardy was born in Higher Bockhampton ("Upper Bockhampton" in his day), a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, in 1840. His father Thomas (d.1892) worked as a stonemason and local builder. His mother Jemima (d.1904) was well-read. She educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at age eight. For several years he

References: Blunden, Edmund. Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin 's, 1942. Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. The Life of Thomas Hardy. New York: Greenberg, 1925. D 'Agnillo, Renzo, "Music and Metaphor in Under the Greenwood Tree, in The Thomas Hardy Journal, 9, 2 (May 1993), pp.39–50. D 'Agnillo, Renzo, “Between Belief and Non-Belief: Thomas Hardy’s ‘The Shadow on the Stone’”, in Thomas Hardy, Francesco Marroni and Norman Page (eds), Pescara, Edizioni Tracce, 1995, pp.197–222. Deacon, Lois and Terry Coleman. Providence and Mr. Hardy. London: Hutchinson, 1966. Gatrell, Simon. Hardy the Creator: A Textual Biography. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988. Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan, 1996. Gittings, Robert. Thomas Hardy 's Later Years. Boston : Little, Brown, 1978. Gittings, Robert. Young Thomas Hardy. Boston : Little, Brown, 1975. Gittings, Robert and Jo Manton. The Second Mrs Hardy. London: Heinemann, 1979. Gossin, P. Thomas Hardy 's Novel Universe: Astronomy, Cosmology, and Gender in the Post-Darwinian World. Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007 (The Nineteenth Century Series). Halliday, F. E. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Work. Bath: Adams & Dart, 1972. Hands, Timothy. Thomas Hardy : Distracted Preacher? : Hardy 's religious biography and its influence on his novels. New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1989. Hardy, Evelyn. Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. London: Hogarth Press, 1954. Hardy, Florence Emily. The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–1891. London: Macmillan, 1928. Hardy, Florence Emily. The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928 London: Macmillan, 1930. Harvey, Geoffrey. Thomas Hardy: The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 2003. Hedgcock, F. A., Thomas Hardy: penseur et artiste. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1911. Holland, Clive. Thomas Hardy O.M.: The Man, His Works and the Land of Wessex. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1933. Jedrzejewski, Jan. Thomas Hardy and the Church. London: Macmillan, 1996. Johnson, Lionel Pigot. The art of Thomas Hardy (London: E. Mathews, 1894). Kay-Robinson, Denys. The First Mrs Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1979. Langbaum, Robert. "Thomas Hardy in Our Time." New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1995, London: Macmillan, 1997. Marroni, Francesco, "The Negation of Eros in 'Barbara of the House of Grebe’ ", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 10, 1 (February 1994) pp. 33–41 Marroni, Francesco and Norman Page (eds.), Thomas Hardy Marroni, Francesco, La poesia di Thomas Hardy. Bari: Adriatica Editrice, 1997. Marroni, Francesco, "The Poetry of Ornithology in Keats, Leopardi, and Hardy: A Dialogic Analysis", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 14, 2 (May 1998) pp. 35–44 Millgate, Michael (ed.). The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy by Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1984. Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1982. Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Morgan, Rosemarie, (ed) The Ashgate Research Companion to Thomas Hardy, (Ashgate publishing), 2010. Morgan, Rosemarie, (ed) The Hardy Review,(Maney Publishing), 1999–. Morgan, Rosemarie, Cancelled Words: Rediscovering Thomas Hardy (Routledge, Chapman & Hall),1992 Morgan, Rosemarie, Women and Sexuality in the Novels of Thomas Hardy (Routledge & Kegan Paul), 1988;paperback: 1990. Musselwhite, David, Social Transformations in Hardy 's Tragic Novels: Megamachines and Phantasms, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. O 'Sullivan, Timothy. Thomas Hardy: An Illustrated Biography. London: Macmillan, 1975. Orel, Harold. The Final Years of Thomas Hardy, 1912–1928. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976. Orel, Harold. The Unknown Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin 's, 1987. Phelps, Kenneth. The Wormwood Cup: Thomas Hardy in Cornwall. Padstow: Lodenek Press, 1975. Pinion, F. B. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Friends. London: Palgrave, 1992. Pite, Ralph. Thomas Hardy: The Guarded Life. London: Picador, 2006. Saxelby, F. Outwin. A Thomas Hardy dictionary : the characters and scenes of the novels and poems alphabetically arranged and described (London: G. Routledge, 1911). Seymour-Smith, Martin. Hardy. London: Bloomsbury, 1994. Stevens-Cox, J. Thomas Hardy: Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1968. Stevens-Cox, J. Thomas Hardy: More Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1971. Stewart, J. I. M. Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1971. Turner, Paul. The Life of Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Weber, Carl J. Hardy of Wessex, his Life and Literary Career. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. Wilson, Keith. Thomas Hardy on Stage. London: Macmillan, 1995. Wilson, Keith, ed. Thomas Hardy Reappraised: Essays in Honour of Michael Millgate. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. Wilson, Keith, ed. A Companion to Thomas Hardy. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham: Rowan & Littlefield, 1985. A Hyper-Concordance to the Works of Thomas Hardy at the Victorian Literary Studies Archive, Nagoya University, Japan "The Dead Man Walking" (1909) and other Hardy poems at poetry-archive.com