When living in the court of King Henry VIII, one must be cautious at all times. A single wrong move, and the overly paranoid King would have your head in a basket before you had the chance to make your case. This lesson was learned by the King’s closest advisor, Thomas Cromwell in the early half of the 16th century. “Class was everything at the court of Henry VIII. You were born into greatness. You did not work your way up.” English society has always been notoriously classist, and this was especially true during the time of the Tudor throne. Despite the odds however, Cromwell managed to quickly rise through the ranks of English society. He worked his way through the English upper classes and made both himself, and his station essential to…
Thomas Hobbes lived during revolutionary times, beginning with the overthrow and demise of the English King, Charles 1, in 1641 (Newton, 2004). Hobbes writings of 1651 are documented with an influence from these events, while being credited with transition from medieval to modern thinking in Britain. Although Hobbes post-revolutionary treatise ultimately depended on accepting an absolute monarch, which contradicts present day philosophy, still, Hobbes is credited with the notion of a person's natural rights. Hobbes theory depicts the right of self-preservation, by stating a person may do whatever needs to be done to save their life and to procure the means to live (Newton, 2004). Hobbes' rather straightforward approach suggests that every man is an enemy of every man (Newton, 2004) and the worst that can happen to anyone is a violent death at the hands of others. Citing natural rights, Hobbes therefore indicates we have the right to prevent a violent death from taking place through self preservation, by taking action against those who may or may not harm us. Hobbes theory of mankind illustrates a violent, short, and solitary life, which arises perhaps his most powerful work. Hobbes identifies just how little humankind rarely uses good judgment. These ideals of natural rights, human judgment, and society set in motion a foundation, which would be expanded upon by…
Thomas Hobbes, an Enlightenment philosopher, claimed that mankind is naturally evil and selfish and will cause conflicts “if any two men desire the same thing, which they nevertheless cannot both enjoy” or have differing opinions, in order to gain more power so that they can freely pursue their selfish desires, especially “during the time men live without a common power” and “in that condition which is called war, every man against every man,” and are therefore incapable of self-governing. Hobbes’ position on human nature is easily observable; intolerance and bigotry causes violence and general public…
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg, more commonly known as Johannes Gutenberg, was a man of the Renaissance. Johannes was born in approximately 1400 in Mainz, Germany into an upper-class family. His father was named Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden. According to some, he was a goldsmith for the bishop at Mainz, but most believe he was involved in the cloth trade. Johannes did many things to help the Renaissance times, and also to help us today. He invented the Printing Press and was also a goldsmith. Once he had invented the Printing Press, he created what is known today as the Gutenberg Bible, or the 42-line Bible. The world would be much farther back in technology if it weren’t for this man.…
The final sentence of that passage, "And the life of man, solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short," seems to sum up what Hobbes has been leading up to in the first twelve chapters of Leviathan: that without a sovereign power, without Leviathan, the natural life of man is simply horrible. It is a life in which people naturally and constantly seek to destroy one another.…
Hobbes talks about his view of Human Nature in his book The Leviathan. His central belief was built around the idea that the nature of humanity leads people to seek power. He believed that humans naturally desired the power to live well, and that human beings will never be satisfied with the power they currently possess unless they acquire more power. Hobbes defined power as” the ability to…
Thomas Hobbes was an Englishman who wrote the Leviathan during the English Civil War in the 17th century. Naturally Hobbes spends chapter five, and most of the Leviathan describing how to avoid internal conflict. Hobbes argues that by using logical reasoning and eliminating disagreement a state can avoid internal conflict. Hobbes begins chapter five with a definition for reason and the operations that are involved. Hobbes continues his explanation of reason by describing the proper use of reasoning and how absurdity arises. He elaborates on errors and absurdities, explicitly their causes. Hobbes ends chapter five with his description of the connection between reason and science.…
Thomas Crapper exact date of born is unknown but he was baptized on September 28, 1836; died January 27, 1910. Crapper was a plumber who founded Thomas Crapper & Co in London. At 14 years of age he was apprenticed to a Master Plumber in Chelsea, London. After serving his apprenticeship and then working as a journeyman, he set up in his own right in 1861 as a plumber in Robert Street, Chelsea. Crapper did not invent the flush toilet. He did, however, do much to increase the popularity of the toilet, and developed some important related inventions, such as the ballcock.…
Human behavior is a study that will never end, nor will there be one distinct theory or answer to the question that most people have pondered at one time or another: why do humans behave the way they do? Or, were human beings born inherently evil or good? Human beings are naturally selfish and carnal beings, having these tendencies from birth without having to be taught. Basic and consistent human behavior, Barbara Tuchman’s “This is the End of the World: The Black Death,” and Philip Gourevitch’s “After the Genocide” reflect how Thomas Hobbes’ theory of human behavior may, very likely be true.…
Thomas Hobbes was an important figure in thee contribution to the Constitution. He was born on April 5th 1588 in Westport, Wiltshire, England and died December 4th 1679 in Hardwick, England. Hobbes’ uncle sponsored his education at Oxford University. In 1604, Hobbes’ father also named Thomas Hobbes, left his family and never returned to be seen again. Hobbes’ also had three siblings; two brothers and a sister. He wrote three major writings; De corpore (published eventually in 1655), De homine (published eventually in 1658), and De cive (appearing in 1642). De corpore was a writing that focused on physical life behavior. De homine was about human body and mind behaviors and actions. De cive summed up principles of a man’s social life in an organized manner. Hobbes’ was mostly influenced by theory’s that had risen in European scientific circles. The theory was that things that were caused were not essential urges that were particular self-realization or self-fulfillment, but could go beyond various principles of motion.…
Throughout the history of American Literature writers have injected their personal lives in to their, John Steinbeck is no exception. John Steinbecks characters come directly from his travels and experiences. John Steinbecks writing would not have been as descriptive or as realistic without this personal interjection. His contribution to American Literature is unique and offers a fresh approach to this art form. A few of the works which contain his personal experiences are Of Mice and Men, East of Eden and The Grapes of Wrath. American Literature has been greatly influenced by John Steinbeck and his unique characters, style, subjects and descriptive writing.…
The argument presented by Thomas Hobbes in chapter 13 of Leviathan, is that the state of nature is a state of war of all against all. Such a view had previously been discussed- earlier versions of the argument appear in other significant works- however it is Hobbes account of a state in “continuall feare of danger and violent death”1 upon which I will focus on and critique in this essay. There are many reasons why many seem to regard Hobbes argument as the most accurate portrayal of a pre-civilised society, many believe it to be so straightforward and seemingly correct that to object it would be to ignore a necessary truth. Secondly, those who accept Hobbes’ view of a human nature that is so egotistical and unforgiving, would seemingly too agree to the assumption of a gloomy, unbearable state of nature. In this essay I shall argue that such opinions are not logically justified as Hobbes’s argument holds its foundations solidly in assumption alone, an assumption that was heavily moulded on his surroundings of a savage Civil War. Hobbes’s argument lies solely on the grounds that human beings are intrinsically wicked and self-centred beings an argument that cannot be completely validated and therefore cannot be a ‘necessary truth’. Yet despite holding such a bleak outlook on the human condition and its simple invalidity the work of Thomas Hobbes still shapes the political word today2 and it continues to impact our understanding of human nature and interactions. In order to justify my critique of Hobbes I will begin by presenting both his original argument and a brief view of some modern interpretations before cross examining their conclusions against that of other social contract theorist such as Locke and Rousseau as well as rational logic to present the argument that the state of nature is most certainly not a state of war of all against all.…
Nathaniel Hawthorne was an intelligent man, which who also and a nervous breakdown. He won a lot of awards, but “he became increasingly dissatisfied, as if his dark insights in the human heart cast gloom into his own.” (Daniels 296) He became into a human that would give his heart to the devil. He wouldn’t talk to anyone and would just walk the village minding his own business. Hawthorne consumed many stories and poems for example, “In 1837, Hawthorne emerged to publish a collection of stories, twice-told tales.” (296) After his dark stage disappeared, he then started to make more stories. He thought that if his gloomy stage was gone, then he could produce way more stories than usual. In Hawthorne’s stories, he uses…
Hobbes argues that when there is no government or civil authority in place, humans are living in a state of nature. This state is what Hobbes calls a war, “of every man against every other man” (Leviathan pg.106). Since there is no order in place, everybody can then claim anything they want for themselves. To Hobbes, this war is a result of three different causes. Hobbes claims that humans are, for the most part, physically equal. He acknowledges that some people are stronger than others are but we are all individuals who have basically the same mental reasoning, and are vulnerable. This means that a competition results among any person or group of people any time that they want something. For example, if I wish I had something that somebody else is in possession of already; and this person is bigger and stronger than me, I can get a few friends together and physically take whatever it is that I wanted. War also arises out of panic, or attacking somebody for fear that they are about to attack you; a pre-emptive strike. So, if I think that somebody wants to take something of mine, I may take something of theirs before they have a chance, and harm them for the purpose of protecting myself. The third cause of war is glory, or the desire to be feared and have a good reputation, to put fear into people to stop attacking you in the future.…
Nathaniel Hawthorne has received the title of “American genius” because of his literary works such as “The Scarlet Letter” and “Young Goodman Brown.” Many critics agree that Nathaniel Hawthorne is a writer of “Dark Romanticism,” which led him to be famous because he ventured away from transcendentalism. There are many reasons as to why Hawthorne stands out from his fellow colleagues who were part of his movement from the transcendentalist to dark romantic. One of the reasons being that Hawthorne wrote about “how humanity was an evil creature, perpetually plagued with sin, guilt, and morbidity.” He also based his books and short stories on the Puritan community and how he portrayed that everyone had an “other.” His use of allegory and symbolism…