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Théorie de La Poubelle

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Théorie de La Poubelle
Les excès de l'Ecole Classique qui est caractérisée par la rationalité absolue, et les insuffisances de l'Ecole des relations humaines ont conduit au développement de nouvelles théories dont l'Ecole de la prise de décision est une illustration. La rationalisation, introduite par Taylor, a permis d'augmenter la production et a, par voie de conséquence, libéré les dirigeants des aspects strictement productifs pour leur permettre de s'investir dans le fonctionnement même de leur industrie, ce qui les a conduit à recourir de plus en plus à la prise de décision. Herber Simon, fondateur de cette école, a considéré la prise de décision comme étant la fonction essentielle des dirigeants.
Michael COHEN, James MARCH et Johan P. OLSEN, sont en quelques sortes les disciples d'Herbert SIMON, ils ont conduit des recherches sur le fonctionnement de plusieurs universités américaines. Ces études ont permis d'introduire deux notions dans la prise de décision :
- le modèle de l'anarchie organisée :
Il caractérise les organisations qui répondront aux 3 critères suivants :
- l'incertitude de leurs préférences : l'organisation fonctionne à partir d'une grande variété de préférence mal définies et peu cohérentes entre elles. (Pas d'objectifs cohérents et partagés)
- une technologie floue : l'entreprise fonctionne avec des procédures non stabilisées et non comprises par ses propres membres, en procédant par tâtonnement, et invente de façon pragmatique sous la pression de la nécessité. Technologie trop difficile à comprendre
- Une participation fluctuante : le degré d'engagement des individus fluctue. Ils participent de façon intermittente aux différentes prises de décision de l'organisation. Ils sont plus ou moins actifs
- le modèle de la poubelle :
Ce modèle est un style de décision que l'on peut trouver au sein des anarchies organisées. Il s'écarte du paradigme de décision comme résolution d'un problème par choix d'une solution adéquate. Dans ces organisations, les processus

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